Grammar for Prof Comm Final

Question 1

• Pronouns:

Answer 1

o Use I, she, he when you are referring to the subject o Use myself herself when you are referring back to the subject (object of an action)

o Don’t have vague pronoun references

• Don’t start sentences with there are….
• This, that, these need to have things they are talking about

Question 2

o Who vs. whom

Answer 2

• Who does something
• Whom has something done to it

Question 3

o That vs. who

Answer 3

• Use who for humans
• Use that or which for animals and things

Question 4

o That vs. which

Answer 4

• Use that if what you are writing about is essential for understanding the meaning or context of the noun before it (defining clause). Use that with defining clauses (one that cannot be set off with commas)
• Use which if what you are writing about it nonessential for understanding the meaning or context of the noun before it. (with a non-defining clause))
• Which usually has commas surrounding it

Question 5

o Plurals

Answer 5

• When it is specific use the plural
• Say “The number was” and “A number were”

Question 6

o Active voice

Answer 6

• When the subject is doing the action. The subject acts

Question 7

o Passive voice

Answer 7

• Something is done to the subject

Question 8

o Parallel construction

Answer 8

• If you have a series of two or more words, phrases, or clauses in one sentences they should have the same grammatical structure

Question 9

o Periods

Answer 9

• Use: for initials of names, U.S., Latin abbreviations (e.g.), A.M. • Do not use: abbreviations and acronyms, metric and nonmetric measurement, end of web addresses.

Question 10

o Commas

Answer 10

• When your sentence has two independent clauses separated by a conjuction.
• Use for Serial commas, setting off introductory statements, parenthetical elements.

Question 11

o Semi-colons

Answer 11

• Use instead of a conjuction when independent clauses are long
• When you don’t use a conjuction
• Join two independent clauses
• Use instead of commas in a series when there are internal commas

Question 12

o Colons

Answer 12

• May be used to introduce a series of items, a summary statement, or a quotation
• If what follows the colon is a complete sentence, start with a capital letter.
• DO NO use to introduce a series of items if there is no independent clause in front of it.

Question 13

o Parenthesis

Answer 13

• Set off structurally independent themes, reference citations, introduce abbreviation.
• DO NOT use back to back parentheses.

Question 14

o Dash

Answer 14

• Used to interrupt the sentence and insert another thought (like parentheses). Sudden interruption. Longer than hyphen

Question 15

o Hyphen

Answer 15

• Connects individual words if description comes before the noun

Question 16

o Misplaced and dangling modifiers

Answer 16

• Word or phrase that is in the wrong place so that it modifies the wrong noun

Question 17

o Since & while

Answer 17

• Should only be used to mean the passage of time.
• For non-temporal meanings use because instead of since or as, and although or whereas instead of while.

Question 18

o Use of adverbs

Answer 18

• Make sure that the verb closest to the adverbial clause is the verb it is modifying.

Question 19

• Possessives

Answer 19

o If two people possess something in common, consider them a single unit and use ‘so If they possess something individually, use two.

oIf a pronoun is involved, put the noun in between.

Question 20

• Verbs

Answer 20

o Verbs must agree with the subject

o Correctly identify the subject

o When there is more than one subject the verb agrees with the one closest to it.

Question 21

• Effect vs. Affect

Answer 21

o Effect is a noun, brought about by a cause

o Affect: is a verb

Question 22

• Critiquing Research

Answer 22

o Issues to consider:

• How were the participants selected?
• What are the sample characteristics?
• Was there a control or comparison condition?
• Was this a true experiment?
• How were participants assigned to conditions?
• Were there confounding variables that may influence interpretation of the results?
• Don’t be persuaded by the phase ‘highly significant’ results; that may reflect sample size more than meaningfulness of results.
• Was the research method appropriate for the question?
• Were the measures appropriate?
• Were the analyses appropriate?

Question 23

• Tense

Answer 23

o Use past tense or present perfect for introduction

o Use past tense for results

o Present tense for implication of results and conclusion

Question 24

• What does a lit review do?

Answer 24

o Defines and clarifies the problem

o Summarizes previous investigations to inform reader of current state of research

o Identifies relations, contradictions, gaps, and inconsistencies in the literature

o Suggests the next steps in solving the problem

Question 25

How to cite a journal article with a DOI

Answer 25

Author A. A., & author last name, B.B. (year). Title of article all lower case. Journal, xx, pp-pp. doi:xx.xxxxxx

Question 26

How to cite an entire book

Answer 26

Author, A.A. Title of work . Location: Publisher.

Question 27

How to cite a book chapter print version

Answer 27

Author, A. A. (year). Chapter Title. In title (Eds.), Book title (pp. x-x). Town, ST: Publisher.