Grammar Dictionary Flashcards
The grammatical form that shows that something is in the genitive case. Its mostly used when one is being described as the owner of something.
Possessive
A verb phrase whose main verb is separated from one or more of its auxiliary verbs by one or more adverbs. Is almost never considered grammatically incorrect.
Vladimir HAS DeFiNiTEy PROVEN that he has no fear of snakes.
Split Verb
A punctuation mark that looks like three periods in a row (…) which are used to show where you’ve left words out of a passage your quoting
Elipses
A sentence that has at least one subordinate clause, in addition to its independent clause.
(Subordinate Clause) If I were you, (Independent Clause) I’d tie my shoelaces.
Complex Sentence
A way of using an adjective or adverb when you want to describe something as having a quality, without comparing it to other things that have more or less of that quality. WEIRD is the ____ _____ of WEIRDER/WIERDEST
Positive Degree
The grammatical relationship of nouns and pronouns to other words in a sentence.
ex.
To show possesion
Leon’s Cup (correct) Leon Cup (Incorrect)
To show whether the pronoun is the subject or object.
My brother pinched me back (correct) vs. My brother Pincched I back.(Incorrect)
Case
The verb form you use when you’re making a statement or asking a question about the way things ARE, WERE or WILL BE as opposed to the way they COULD be or SHOULD be, and is the most common grammatical mood.
This is some Hot chili!!!
Indicative
A word (usually an adjective or an adverb) that you use to emphasize a point or strengthen the meaning of another word.
Intensifier
When Several adjectives are used to modify a noun some adjectives usually come before other kinds of adjectives, based on what kind of info the give about the noun they modify.
Just look at that lovely NEW-SILVER-ITALIAN-MOUNTAIN. bike.
Hierarchy of Adjectives
A question that’s phrased as a part of a statement
I want to know why you stole my Money.
Indirect Question
A word or set of words that you attach to the end of a sentence to turn a declarative statement into a question.
I’m the smartest person in the class. ——->I’m the smartest person in the class, DON’T YOU THINK?
Question Tag/Tag Question
Forms of the verb that you need to know in order to construct any other form of the verb.
They include the…
Bare infinitive (SPEAK)
Past tense (SPOKE)
Past Participle (SPOKEN)
Present Participle (SPEAKING)
Principal Parts
A Noun that refers to an ordinary object idea action or living thing; THE OPPOSITE OF A PROPER NOUN, in that they don’t get capitalized (except at the beginning of a sentence)
They are more common and more likely than proper nouns to have plurals and be used with an article or adjective pebble, beauty, question, sardines NOT ZIMBABWE ALEXANDER THE GREAT, OR ALICE IN WONDERLAND.
Common Noun
The person or thing in a sentence that the action is done for.
The waiter brought US the wrong check.
Indirect Object
Auxiliary verbs such as can, may, must, shall, and will, that describe how possible, allowable, or required something is. When used with other “auxiliaries” such as be, do , or have, these _____ ______comes first.
Those drawings on the cave wall MUST have been made by prehistoric humans.
Modal Verb
To list the various forms a verb takes in various tenses, and aspects when paired with different kind of subjects.
Conjugate
When two words are ran together as if they were one and you don’t pronounce the sounds of the word. They+Have= They’ve We+ Will= We’ll
Contraction
A part of speech that can be a word or set of words that you use to show how you feel about something,
WOW! That looks scary!
Interjection
An affix that you use to show that something is small or your or cute.
-let,ling,ette. booklet, duckling,statuette.
Diminutive
A phrase or other construction whose meaning isn’t obvious to people who have never heard it before. even they know all the words in the phrase.
Way out of line
Idiom
A Grammatical gender, that appears in a limited number of grammatical forms, mostly personal pronouns, and are used to refer to boys or men.
He,Him, Himself
Masculine
One of the possible aspects of a verb that is used to describe events that are or will be in progress.
I am FEELING a little queasy.
Progressive Aspect ( or sometimes THE IMPERFECT)
The act of putting the words of a sentence in a different order than they usually have.
Ex. (Switching the Subj. and Comple.) “The night was dark—> Dark was the night”
(Moving the Prep. Phrase away from the word it modifies.) “We rode out of town —> Out of town we rode”
(Placing the Adj. after the Noun it modifies.)
“The City beckoned, with its tall buildings and bright neon—>The City beckoned, with it’s buildings tall and neon bright.”
Inversion
A question that includes a negative word or particle and that expresses an expectation about what the will be.
ISN’T it a nice day.
Negative Question (Leading question)
An adjective that refers to a specific person, place, thing, or group.and are made from proper nouns American (____)–> America (Prop. Noun) Victorian (____)–> Queen Victoria (Prop. Noun)
Proper Adjective
A form of the verb that you use when you’re discussing something as going on now.
Over a billion people LIVE in China
Present Tense
When two or more parts of a sentence match each other in some way. When using numbers the adjective that modifies nouns should be singular if the number is one and plural for the rest.
The subject should ______ with the verb in
person,
number,
Agreement
A Pronoun that introduces a relative clause.
They are…
who, whom, which, what and that.
Is this the only trick THAT your dog can do?
Relative Pronoun
A grammatical gender that is asexual, that can be replaced by the personal pronoun “it” or ‘itself”
Most nouns inn the English language are neuter (unlike other languages) unless it the noun represents a human being,
Nueter
The part of the word that forms the basis of its various different inflections.
Latin—> Latino,Latina
Walk—> Walks, Walking,Walked
Stem
A way of using an adjective or adverb to to compare something (or action or quality) to something else.
In the following sentence SHAGGIER is the _____ ______of the word SHAGGY.
A collie is SHAGGIER than a dalmation
Comparative Degree
A type of construction that that uses extra words instead of using -er More shallow vs Shallower
Periphrastic Comparative
A pronoun that helps to draw attention to a particular noun or pronoun in a sentence.
I MYSELF occasionally make mistakes.
Intensive Pronooun
A kind of subordinate clause that behaves as a noun in the grammar of a sentence.
I BELIEVE THAT everything happens for a reason
Noun (Nominal) Clause
A part of a sentence (usually an adverb) that has no direct connection to the words or phrases in the rest of the sentence.
Absolute Construction
A word that looks like a verb but doesn’t act like one. It is actually called a VERBAL that acts as a noun. They are made of the present participle they are derived from with an -ing to follow.
Don’t you enjoy TRYING new foods?
Gerund (Participial Noun)
Verbs that have predictable past tense forms, and participles, for these verbs you can create any form regardless of the number, person, tense, aspect, or voice.
Regular(Weak) Verb
The relationship between different words, phases or clauses that play a similar grammatical role in a particular sentence.
Chicken AND Ducks
Its dark (–>Semicolon); I cant see anything
Coordination
A construction that uses both the word of and a possessive form (Usually -‘s) to show the relation between one thing and another.
A cousin OF Maxwell’S
Double Genitive
Language that presents somebody’s speech or ideas, but not in his or her own words.
Vladimir told me he’s allergic to shellfish.
Indirect Discourse (Indirect quotation)
A noun or noun phrase that acts as a complement to a subject in a sentence. It tells what kind of thing the subject is.
She should be OUR NEXT CLASS PRESIDENT
Predicate Nominative
The category of grammatical forms that you use when you’re refering to yourself- either yourself alone or yourself and other people.
I,Us,We.
First Person
An_____ _____is a sentence wherein the person or thing performing the action in the sentence is also the grammatical subject. And is best used when the person or thing of interest is the the thing that something happens to.
Weasels dislike strawberries.
vs.
Strawberries are disliked by Weasels
Active Voice
A set of words that expresses some idea about what something or someone is or does,did, or will be.
WARTHOGS EXIST.
Sentence
When words are divided into one of three categories, masculine, feminine, neuter. In the English Language ______ usually only becomes an issue when discussing personal pronouns. He,She, Him, Her, His Hers.
Gender
One of the parts of speech usually placed before nouns or noun phrases, to help explain how the thing named by the noun relates to the overall category of things it belongs to. a, an, the,
Article
A word or particle that changes the meaning of a sentence, by indicating something as not the case.
NEITHER flapping your arms NOR chirping like a robin will enable yo to fly.
Negative
A part of speech that describes someone/something as doing, experiencing or being, something, in a particular way.
Next time, I SUGGEST, you TRY the jeans on, before you BUY them.
Verb
A way to describe how the verb’s form tells when in time a particular action happens.
I HATED candied yams the first time I TRIED them, I HATE them now, I always WILL HATE them.
Tense
A group of two or more words that act together in the grammar of a sentence as if they were a single adverb.
Jasmine reached FOR THE PADDLE
Adverbial Phrase
A phrase that acts like a single preposition in the grammar of the sentence.
out of, in place of, due to,
Put the vase ON TOP OF the bookcase
Complex (Compound) Preposition
A verb that takes a particular form (it gets inflected) to show the number and person of the subject and to show the tense of the verb.
Jasmine has been advancing very quickly in Math.
Finite Verb
A noun that is used to refer to a thing or things that can be either singular or plural. Cab be used with both articles, and determiners.
A bicycle, Two bicycles, One million bicycles, Any bicycles, Your bicycle
Count Noun
A phrase that exists in verb phrases beginning with used to.
Myanmar USED TO be called Burma.
Habitual Aspect
Something that has two or more parts where there would ordinarily be just one.
______Words; Greenhouse ________Subjects; Snakes, Lizards and Turtles are all reptiles. _______ Verbs; The engine sputtered and died.
Compound
Used a determiner before nouns that refer to specific people, places, objects, actions, or ideas, the only____ ____in the English language is the word “THE”. Please hand me THE blue mixing Bowl.
Definite Article (The)
A sentence that is used to express strong feeling rather than stating a fact.
What an unusual hat!
Exclamatory Sentence
When one tells a story about Something that happened in the past but uses the present tense to describe what happened
So I’M trying to get my kite down from the tree, and I’VE GOT this long stick, but what DON’T realize is…
Historical Present
A part of speech that is used to describe the relationship between one noun phrase and another, or the relationship between a verb and a noun phrase, often to do with space and time.
There is a spider crawling UP your leg.
Prepositions
A verb form that combines the future tense with the progressive aspect.
In a few minutes Max WILL BE FEELING sick to his stomach.
Future Progressive
A noun or noun phrase that combines with a preposition to form a prepositional phrase.
There’s some gum on THE BOTTOM (preposition) OF YOUR SHOE.
Object of a prepossition
A part of speech that adds meaning to (nouns usually) other words in the sentence Hollow, funny, sweeter
Adjective
A verb form used in conditional sentences to describe things that are extremely unlikely or that aren’t actually the case.
IF i HAD a job,(______.) I COULD purchase a car(____.).
Subjunctive Conditional
Different kinds of words, divided into categories based on what they’re doing in the grammar of a sentence.
Part of Speech
A ______ consists of a SUBJECT and PREDICATE, with the predicate always containing one finite verb.
The sun rose like a glowing coal over the palm fringed lagoon.
(Subject)THE SUN (Predicate)ROSE(FINITE VERB) LIKE GLOWING COAL OVER THE PALM FRINGED LAGOON
Clause
A word that is made from a verb but can act as any part of speech.
Usually by adding -ing, or -ed to a bare verb.
If you had to sit through such a BORING movie, you’d be as BORED as I am.
Particple
A part of speech that usually modify verbs and adjectives.
Never, well, quickly, softly.
Adverb
A pronoun in the genitive case, that appear as a replacement for noun phrases that involve possessive adjectives.
IN the sentence below the word “HIS” is a replacement for ‘his phone”
He accidentally walked away with my phone and I walked away with HIS.
Possessive Pronoun
The noun, pronoun, or other nominal of a clause, that the subj. of the sentence is built around(the head of a noun phrase that’s acting as the subject).
The PAINT (______ ________) on those chairs(subject) hasn’t dried yet.
Simple Subject
A set of words working together (not a sentence) as a unit. Some act as nouns,verbs,adj,adv,prep, or conj. The sentence below is an example of a ______ because it behaves a noun.
GIRAFFES WITH SHORT NECKS don’t like tall trees.
Phrase
A noun, noun phrase, or noun clause, that completes a larger part of the sentence. They are usually _____ of verbs, and follow directly after helping to form a complete predicate.
Jasmine finally located HER LOST BACKPACK.
Object
A construction that adds extra info to a sentence that is grammatically non-essential. \
(Simple sentence) Maria Sklodowska pioneered the study of radioactivity.
(Ex.) Maria Sklodowska, the polish scientist also known by the name Marie Curie, pioneered the study of radioactivity
Parenthetical Expression
The first auxiliary verb in a verb phrase. It’s important because it is the only finite verb in the phrase, which means it is the only verb that can be changed to show number,person and tense.
That house HAS been standing for over 300 years.
Operator
Pronouns that have grammatical person, that is they make it clear whether you’re are referring to yourself, someone else or to the listener/reader.
SHE may not look it, but shes the state ping pong champion.
Personal Pronoun
A construction that uses two negatives to express an idea that could be expressed using one negative.
DIDN’T say NOTHING
Double Negative
A type of construction that that uses extra words instead of using the possessive ending -‘s.
The house of my friend. vs. My friend’s House.
Periphrastic Genitive
The word that a noun (subject) phrase is built around.
When a Noun Phrase acts as the subject of a clause you look at whether the head of the phrase is singular or plural to determine whether or not the verb should be singular or plural.
ONE of the best ways to cook eggs is by poaching them.
Head
Two or more noun/phrases that are the objects of the same verb or preposition
My closet (verb)contains (Noun phrase/object) three pairs of old sneakers and (noun phrase/object) a pile of dirty laundry.
Compound Object
A Phrase that contains one or more prepositions (INTO) followed by a noun or noun phrase (THE DEEP END OF THE POOL)
Vladimir’s sunglasses sank INTO THE DEEP END OF THE POOL.
Prepositional Phrase
A type of construction that that uses extra words to say what could ordinarily be said more simply.
Ex. Genitive
and
Comparative vs. Superlative
Periphrastic
A clause that cant stand alone as a sentence, and has to be connected to an independent clause.
WHEN I SAW SMOKE POURING OUT OF THE KITCHEN, I knew I was In trouble.
Subordinate Clause
When the grammatical subject is paired with two or more main verbs.
(Subject)We (verb)lit the (verb)fuse and ran for out lives.
Compound Predicate
One of the grammatical voices in English wherein the person or thing that is performing is not performing the action but action is performed on it and appears in a prepositional phrase and is preceded by the word “BY”
The code was broke BY a team of mathematicians.
vs.
The team of mathematicians broke the code.
Passive Voice
Language that presents somebody’s speech or writing in his or her own words.
Jasmine said “I’LL BE A LITTLE LATE GETTING HOME TOMORROW.”
Direct Discourse (Direct Quotation)
Plural forms that don’t match the pattern of adding an -s or -es to them, a form that most nouns follow.
Irregular plural
A case that shows that one noun is modifying another.
There are two ways to use a _____
Add an “-s” to the end of the first modifying noun or by putting the modifier second as part of a prepositional phrase starting with “of”.
Steven’S jacket
or
The jacket OF Steven.
Genitive
A sentence that makes a statement of some kind, as opposed to one that asks a question.
There is a jaguar on the branch just above your head.
Declarative Sentece
A pronoun that you use as a grammatical object, whether its a direct/indirect object,the object of a verb,an infinitive, participle,or preposition. T
he sudden downpour soaked ME from head to toe.
Objective Pronoun
A Clause that can stand alone as a sentence.
ex.
Suddenly I heard a strange hissing wound.
Independent Clause
A type of word, phrase, or clause that acts as a noun in the grammar of the sentence. They can act as subjects, direct/indirect objects of a verb,complements, as infinities or objects of prepositions.
In the following sentence the modifier isn’t only referring to the noun CUP but to the CUP OF TEA as a whole “cup of tea” is the nominal
That was a sweet CUP OF TEA.
Nominal
Is the person place,thing or idea that the pronoun stands for in a particular sentence.
In the following sentence LIVERWURST is the ______ for IT.
I have tried LIVERWURST and I cant stand IT.
Antecedent (of a pronoun)
A verb that works along with the main verb to help express a slightly different meaning than the main verb would have if it had been used on its own.
WILL go SHOULD have WAS ridden
Auxiliary (Helping) Verb
A form of absolute construction and is as single verb modifying a whole sentence.
Sentence Adverb
An aspect that is used when you want to describe an event as being already completed by a particular point or as continuing up until a particular point.
Perfect Aspect.
A question that is not looking for specific information as a response, and does not begin with a which,what,when,where,why, or how. YES, or NO the the answer to this question.
Yes-No Quesion
This is one of the participle parts of a verb.
You produce a past participle by adding a an “-ed” to the end of a regular verb.
For many IRREGULAR verbs you simply add a -en. For some others the verb maintains the same form.
Past Participle
A type of construction that that uses extra words instead of using -est
Most shallow vs. Shallowest
Periphrastic Superlative
A word that directly modifies a noun, forming a part of a larger noun phrase. ______ _____ are usually placed directly before the nouns the modify.
A TERRIBLE Drought
Attributive Adjective
The grammatical mood of a verb that is used when you’re directly telling somebody what to do in either a polite request or giving orders
Kiss my butt.
or
Please kiss my butt.
Imperative
A sentence that consists of just one clause(subject+predicate) (Subj.)My shoes(Pred.) smell awful
Simple sentence
The one that’s actually doing something in the situation described by a verb. Its usually the subject, unless the sentence is in the passive voice
THE LEAD GUITARIST smashed his guitar after the final song.
Agent(Logical subject)
A kind of Parenthetical expression, is a phrase that follows immediately after another noun phrase, clarifying it or adding a little more information about it.EXCEPT it acts like an adjective, and sometimes with multiple words.
The pigeons, ATTRACTED BY THE BREAD CRUMBS, fluttered all around the man on the bench.
Appositive Adjective
The ____ of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants.
the following example is in two different_____.
In the first part of the sentence Max is the subject doing the action In the second part the pant leg is the subject receiving the action.
As Max walked innocently down the street, suddenly his pant leg was attacked by a tiny puppy.
Voice (Diathesis)
A question that you don’t really expect an answer to.
NEXT TIME, WHY DON’T YOU TRY THE ON BEFORE YOU BUY THEM?
Rhetorical Question
A sentence that has two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause. (Subordinate)
(Subbordinate) Though this is a great party, (Independent) I’m tired and, (independent) I’m going home.
Compound-Complex sentence
An adjective made of two or more words joined together by a hyphen. They are usually not found in the Dictionary, and are put together at the spur of the moment.
Seven-Foot wall,
Once-In-A-Lifetime opportunity
There’s a MANY-LEGGED creature in the bathtub.
Compound Adjective
Words that are derived from verbs but grammatically behave as adjectives.
Verbal Adjective
Pronouns used to discuss people, places, objects or ideas that are not important on their own, as individual items.
In the sentence below the Pronoun EACH treats the individual doors as members of a larger group.
I tried one door after another, but EACH was locked.
Indefinite Prounoun
A word such as “this” or “that” is a word that you use to indicate which thing or things you’re referring to.
What is THAT on your shirt?
Demonstrative
A construction that uses an infinitive, such as “to make” but with other words (typically adverbs) stuck in between the TO and the BARE INFINITIVE.
Could yoU ask him TO NoT MAKE that noise
Split Infinitive
One of the parts of speech that are used to stand in for nouns, and behave the same way as nouns that is they can be used as obj. or subj., but never used with articles.
Pronoun
When aspects of a sentence can be understood by assuming certain thing about it based on its characteristics. In the following sentence although YOU is not said it is clear that it is a request based on certain aspects of the sentence. .
(YOU) MAKE me a sandwich , please!
Understood
A form of the verb that combines the past tense with the progressive aspect. It is used when discussing some point of time in the past when something was currently going on.
Emma WAS SNIFFLING when the movie ended.
Past Progressive
Words that are derived from verbs but do not act as verbs grammatically.
Verbal
Pronouns that include “no” or “not” in their meaning. In the sentence below the NOWHERE, is a __________ that means “no place” or “not anywhere”.
That flock of crows just seemed to appear out of NOWHERE.
Negative Pronoun
A verb that doesn’t take a direct object. It is common for a verb not to a direct object. There is no direct object in the following sentence THUS an_______ ______.
“The Shadows LENGTHEN as the afternoon goes on.” There IS a direct object in the following sentence(VACATION) We decided to LENGTHEN our VACATION. .
Intransitive Verb
A word or phrase that follows a direct object, describing what kind of thing the subject of the verb turns the object into or believes the object to be.
Hot weather makes summer (direct obj.) THE BEST SEASON FOR SWIMMING.
Object Complement
A form of the verb that you use to discuss events that already happened.
The stock Market crash in 1929 TRIGGERED the great depression.
Past Tense (Preterite)
A verb that isn’t an auxiliary or a being verb regardless of the point in time.
____ ____ are used to make writing more lively as opposed to boring with too many “being verbs”
Ex.
walk, shrink, pay, calculate.
Action Verb
When several verbs act together as one verb, with at least one main verb and one or more auxiliary verbs.
If your birth day isn’t February 21st, I MUST HAVE BEEN tHiNkInG of someone else.
Verb Phrase
A phrase that acts as a noun in the grammar of the sentence.
I consider oatmeal the least interesting FOOD IN THE WORLD.
Noun Phrase (Nominal)
The person or thing that a particular nominal actually refers to.
The sentence below
“THE BIG APPLE” is a ______ to NYC
I’m going to THE BIG APPLE for New Year’s Eve.
Referent
The articles “a” and “an” that are used at the beginning of noun phrases.
Can you lend me A pencil?
Indefinite Article
A sentence in which the main clause or its verb is withheld until the end.
These types of sentences are used to keep the readers attention
If you ask me nicely enough, and if you promise not to pester me ever again, and if you give me half of your sandwich first… I might give you half my cookie.
Periodic sencence
A word, phrase, or clause that helps complete your understanding of something that was mentioned earlier in the sentence by telling you what it is or what quality it has.
That painting is ALMOST BEAUTIFUL Most people find me FASCINATING
Complement
The Noun or Noun phrase standing for whoever or whatever is experiencing the action that the verb describes.
Vladimir Certainly likes MARSHMALLOWS!
Direct Object
It consists of one or more syllables like re-, or -ful, that can be attached to the beginning or the end of a word/stem to make a new word with a related meaning. sub-, un-, -ify, -able, -ed.
Affix
A pronoun that you use as a grammatical subject.
SHE dropped the jar of pickles on the kitchen floor.
Subjective Pronoun
The form it appears under when you look it up in the dictionary. FLY, KNOCK, GIGGLE, DEMOLISH. not flew, knocks, giggled, demolishing.
Bare infinitive (of a verb)
Type of words that refer to a single person, thing or idea.
Singular
A kind of Parenthetical expression; is a noun phrase that follows immediately after another noun phrase, clarifying it or adding a little more information about it.
The Platypus, AN ANIMAL NATIVE TO AUSTRALIA, is one of the few egg-laying mammals.
Appositive
A subordinate clause that provides information about something or someone you’ve just mentioned. It follows the noun or noun phrase and modifies it.
We went back to the place WHERE WE LAST SAW FLUFFY.
Restrictive Clause
When an indefinite pronoun acts as a determiner at the beginning of noun phrase.
FEW rodeo rider are also ballet dancers.
Indefinite Adjective
The Kind of language that people use when they’re talking especially when they’re having everyday conversations. It includes interjections, contractions, and slang
Colloquial
A phrase based on an infinitive that acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb in the grammar of a sentence.
It can consist of “to+infinitive”
I’ve never liked TO SAY I’m sorry.
Infinitive Phrase
The category of grammatical forms that you use to discuss people or things other than yourself, and whomever your speaking/writing to.
Third Person
the part of a sentence that consists of a verb and all of the objects, complements, and adverbs that go along with that verb.
Max HAS BEEN TRYING TO OPEN THAT BAG OF CHIPS FOR AT LEAST FIVE MINUTES.
Predicate
A noun that identifies a particular person, place, or thing. as opposed to common nouns like woman state, or team (Vs. Rosa Parks, Arizona, Boston Red Sox) and usually start with Capital letters to distinguish themselves from common Nouns.
This Halloween, I’m going to dress as the Statue of Liberty.
Proper Noun
A word that begins a noun phrase and helps to make it clear whether the thing you’re talking about is…
Specific or general,
Near or far,
If its belongs to someone in particular,
Whether there’s only one thing, several, or none.
Determiner
A verb form that combines the future tense with the perfect aspect.That describes a time or some event or action that will have happened or will have been completed.
In five minutes Max WILL HAVE EATEN ten pancakes.
Future Perfect
A word or phrase that follows the linking verb describing what the subject of the verb is becomes or seems to be.
It can be a noun/noun phrase or an adjective/adjective phrase.
That stack of dishes looks UNSTABLE.
Subject Complement
The verb that the auxiliary verbs are attached to in a verb phrase (only in sentences that have auxiliary verbs).
“Will HAVE exploded.”
Main Verb
Is the way of describing how the verbs action is experienced in time or a way of describing a the relation between a particular action and a particular point in time, but its DIFFRENT FROM TENSE.
tenses…
tell when something happens
aspects…
indicate whether the action happens;
has already been completed;
or is still going on at he the time the clause is talking BUT not neccecarily at the present moment.
Aspect (of a verb)
The part of the clause that tells who or what (either a noun, pronoun or noun phrase) is doing the action that the verb describes.
Only ONE OF THE TWO GIRLS successfully jumped the mud puddle.
Subject
A word or part of a word that you form other words from by adding prefixes, suffixes or another root. Re-+Heat= Reheat Heat+-er= Heater
Root
A form of the verb that combines the present tense and perfect aspect, to describe something that began in the past and is still the case now, or something that happened in the past is not happening now, but could happen in the future.
Max HAS WAITED all summer for the opening of the new water park.
Present Perfect
A type of noun that refers to something that cant be counted, because it is a…
substance;water
quality; honesty
a whole,composed of individual things; furniture activity, biology
natural phenomenon; electricity
Individual name; Albert, North Rochester
Noncount noun
A word that helps to connect one part of a sentence to another. In the sentence below IF clarifys the idea you’re squeamish.
IF you’re squeamish, you shouldn’t visit the sausage factory.
Subordinating Conjunction
A word or group of words that describes or provides more information about some other word.
The baby slept SOUNDLY.
Modifier
A verb form that you use to discuss events or actions that haven’t happened yet.
Jasmine WILL SLIP on the banana peel
Future Tense
Changes that you make to words for grammatical reasons, WHENEVER YOU CHANGE A WORD FOR GRAMMATICAL REASONS YOU CREATE AN _____.
Inflection
A phrase that’s based on a past or present participle and that acts as an adjective or adverb in the grammar of a the sentence, modifying some other part.
In the following sentence the ________ “giving off” acts as an adverb that modifies the verb “died”
The car’s engine suddenly died (GIVING (participle) OFF (participial phrase) a cloud of black smoke.
Participial Phrase
When you use a comma and a coordinating conjunction to join two or more independent clauses.
I’m No expert on knitting, but that doesn’t look right to me.
Coordinate Clause
A grammatical construction that leaves out some words that the grammar of the sentence would normally require.
In the sentence below the phrase “came in” is left out because it appears in the first clause, and is assumed to belong in the following clauses.
I came in first, Vladimir second, and Max third.
Elliptical Construction
A sentence that has a comma splice, too many unrelated clauses, is a _____ _____, OR two clauses with a conjunction and no comma.
Run-on-sentence
A form of the verb that combines the past tense with the perfect aspect.
They are used when discussing some point of time in the past when something had already happened.
The Track showed that some animals HAD WALKED down the path before us.
Past Perfect (Pluperfect.)
A Noun that is used as an attributive adjective.
a HOTEL Lobby
Attributive Noun
To look at a sentence and figure out how its grammar works. To determine what is modifying, which nouns are subjects and objects etc.
Parse
One of the principle parts of a verb, that is usually created by adding an -ing to the original verb.
Lots of people carry a book to the beach; Emma walked onto the sand CARRYING twelve.
Present Participle
A word that describes the people, things actions, events, or qualities, that sentence is about.
All nouns, verbs, adjectives and most adverbs are ______(___) ___
Sharp, Anticipate, Goggle, Far
Content (lexical) Word
A term used to describe the way words are put together to form phrases and sentences,
This how understand supposed anyone is to.
Syntax
A noun thats grammatically singular but stands for a group of people or things.
The TEAM has a very few good players.
Collective Noun
Words that are used to join sentences or parts of sentences
Either way the wallpaper goes OR I do!
Conjunction
The process of placing one grammatical unit within another, larger unit.
In the sentence below the noun phrase “that antique Chinese vase” Is______in the prepositional phrase ‘ “with that antique Chinese vase.”
Be careful with that antique Chinese vase
Embedding
A Form of a verb that hasn’t been change by to show tense, number, or person.
There are two kinds a BARE _______ used with auxiliary verbs.(DOESN’T REALIZE) the form of the verb you will find in the Dictionary.
And a BARE ______ preceded by “TO” (TO LEARN) Max DOESN’T REALIZE how much he still has TO LEARN about physics.
Infinitive
A noun that does not use an article or any other determiner.
(Ex.)
Proper Nouns that refer to one kind of thing Tokyo, Romeo and Juliet
Nouns that refer a substance. water, electricity, furniture
Nouns that refer to very general concepts Truth, Happiness.
Zero Article
Verbs such as “be, become, feel or seem” that you use to describe what the grammatical subject actually does.
Linking (being) Verb
A noun that does not use an article or any other determiner
Proper Nouns that refer to one kind of thing Tokyo, Romeo and Juliet
Nouns that refer a substance. water, electricity, furniture
Nouns that refer to very general concepts. love, happiness, knowledge
Zero Article
When several verbs act together as one verb, with at least one main verb and one or more auxiliary verbs.
If your birth day isn’t February 21st, I MUST HAVE BEEN tHiNkInG of someone else.
Verb Phrase
A type of construction that uses a form of DO as an auxiliary verb to emphasize a point. Vlad knows how to juggle.=Statement Vlad does Know how to Juggle= ____ Statement
Emphatic
A way of grouping people into categories into which they belong in terms of the sentence. In English only the pronouns, verbs, and possessive adjectives, have grammatical “_______’.
Person
A sentence that directly asks a question
Have you ever been to Oklahoma City?
Interrogative sentence
A noun or noun phrase that acts as a complement to an object in a sentence.
I often find your behavior A BIT OF A MYSTERY.
Predicate Objective
What words have when their form makes it clear how many things you are referring to
Number
A phrase that consists of a verb combined with an adverb like “take up” the adverb could be words that would normally behave as prepositions in other sentences such as up,out,in through.
On a whim, Jasmine DECIDED TO TAKE UP kickboxing.
Phrasal Verb
A construction in which two or more sentences are written as if they were one sentence, with no punctuation or conjunctions to join them together.
It’s a bad idea to swallow gravel (/) don’t do it.
Fused Sentence
Words that are derived from verbs but grammatically behave as nouns.
Verbal Noun
My Mother is a COOK.
A function word is a word whose main purpose is to show the relationships between various things, people, ideas, or actions referred to in a sentence, rather to describe or name those things, people ideas,or actions. They Can be articles, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, demonstratives or negatives.
Function Word
Words that refer to a group of more than one person, place, thing, or idea.
Plural
The Category of grammatical forms that you use when your speaking or writing directly to someone. Only verbs, possessive adjectives, and pronouns have this type of form
Second Person
Are different ways of using verb forms and sentence structures to make it clear whether you’re describing, events as really happening (indicative), speculating about possibilities (subjunctive) or, making a request, or order (imperative).
Mood (modes)
A sentence that has two or more independent clauses, but no subordinate clauses.
I’m trying to write a poem, but its hard to think of a rhyme for spatula
Compound Sentence
An adverb that can help show what one clause has to do with the clause before it.
Emma wanted to adopt the baby skunk that followed her home; HOWEVER, her father vetoed the idea.
Conjunctive Adverb
A word that follows the same pattern as most other words of the same type. Warm is the______form of the comparative Warmer.
Regular
A group of words put together to say something. It includes phrases, clauses and sentences.
Construction
A word, usually short (like…of, up, not, too) that NEVER changes form.
No singular, plural, past, present, future, case, mood, aspect, voice, first/second/third, person, comparative or superlative.
I’m afraid OF cats
Particle
One or more syllables that you attach to the end of a word, root or stem to produce a new word with a different meaning You will never be happy if all you care about is your happiNESS
Suffix
A way of setting up your sentences so that several different parts have similar grammatical structure.
Ex.
I came, I saw, I conquered.
Non-Ex.
After I got there I looked around and then we fought the enemy and beat them.
Parallel construction.
One of the less common grammatical moods in English. The sentence form that is used when you’re discussing the way things could or should be. In the ex. below “that the manager give her a refund.” is in the _______ because it describes an event that MAY OR MAY NOT HAPPEN.
The Customer demanded THAT THE MANAGER GIVE HER A REFUND.
Subjunctive
A whole subordinate clause that acts as an adverb in the grammar of a sentence.
Max sneezed BECAUSE HE IS ALLERGIC TO CATS.
Adverbial clause
A modifier is “________” when it’s in a position where it appears to modify something other than what the speaker or writer meant it to modify. The Modifier should be as close as possible to what it modifies.
(Participle Phrase Modifies the turtle Not Vladimir) Crawling across the road, Vladimir saw a snapping turtle.
Dangling Modifier
Whenever you have a compound noun phrase wherein something belongs to more than one person/thing and an “-‘s” is added only to the last person/thing in the sentence.
Max and EMMA’S project won the at the science fair. HOWEVER. It is not _____ _______when possessed objects belong separately to person/things. MAX’S and EMMA’S projects names are spelled differently.
Joint Posssion
A Grammatical gender, that appears in a limited number of grammatical forms, mostly personal pronouns.
Used to refer to girls or women. she,her,herself, hers, her, or -ess princess, waitress, mayoress
Feminine
Nouns that are made plural by following the “add an -s or -es pattern.
Regular Plural
Two independent clauses connected only by a comma
Max look out the window, he saw a herd of antelopes stampeding down the street.
Comma Splice
A word that you use to ask for a specific kind of information, these words (who,what when where, why,how,are) are questions that cannot be answered with a yes or no question.
Asians are good at math. vs. ARE Asians good at math.
Question word
A sentence that’s phrased as a question but acts as a kind of exclamation.
Who cares what the neighbors think!
Exclamatory Interrogation
A noun that does not refer directly to objects, people, or events. The opposite of a concrete noun.
hope, enthusiasm, deliciousness, reality, wetness, angle, anticipation.
Abstract Noun
An adjective that acts like a complement to a subject or object in a sentence.
The wall sounded HOLLOW when we knocked on it.
Predicate Adjective
The form of the verb that combines the present tense and the progressive aspect to describe something that is happening right now.
A warning light on the dashboard IS FLASHING
Present Progressive
A word that would ordinarily be an adjective but acts as a noun. There is usually no distinction among plural and singular ____ ____.
Youth is wasted on the YOUNG.
Adjectival Noun
A part of speech that that represents, persons, places or things.
Noun
A word made up of two or more shorter words used together as if there were a single word.
If the compound word is not in the dictionary and…
Is being used as a noun then put a space between each word
or
A hyphen if the compound word is being used as an adjective.
BACKTALK, BALD EAGLE, HEADACHE, DAY-TO-DAY.
Compound Word
The independent clause in a very complex sentence.
IT SHOULD’NT BE VERY HARD if you’ve been paying attention.
Main Clause
The form of sentence you use to discuss the results or effects of things that may or may not be true. These______sentences usually consist of two clauses.
(Subordinate) If you want to make an omelet,(Independent) you have to break some eggs.
Conditional
A string of words that begin with a capital letter and ends with a period but is’t a complete sentence.
Hopping up and down on one foot.
(Sentence) Fragment
The pronoun that appears in a sentence before an antecedent, as the grammatical subject of the sentence.
IT is important NOT TO LEAVE THE CAGE DOOR OPEN.
Anticipatory Subject
Verbs that cannot be made into past tense verbs by adding the very common “-ed” (past participle), a verb that most forms follow.
Irregular/Strong Verb
A phrase or word used to introduce the subordinate clause of a conditional sentence.
I wont give you a kiss UNLESS you become my boyfriend.
Conditional Conjunction
Grammatical objects that refers to the same person or thing as the subject.
Myself,Ourselves,Yourself,Yourselves, Himself, Herself, Itself, Themselves, Oneself.
I decided to treat MYSELF to some ice cream.
Reflexive Pronoun
A transitive verb that not only takes a direct object (as all transitive verbs) but also takes an object complement
I CONSIDER mYsElF an expert of vampires.
Do you FIND mE pretty?
Complex Transitive (Factitive) Verb
A word that connects one part of a sentence to another. And, But, Or, So, Yet.
Coordinating Conjuction
A kind of subordinate clause that follows and modifies a noun or noun phrase. In the sentence below the phrase”WHO LIVE IN GLASS HOUSES” acts as a _____ _____in the form of an adjective that modifies people.
People WHO LIVE IN GLASS HOUSES shouldn’t throw stones.
Relative Clause
Connect words, phrases or clauses that play the small role in the grammar of the sentence.
Most likely EITHER a large seagull OR a small car left those tracks.
Correlative Conjunction
A verb that has a direct object
The steam roller FLATTENED a park car (dir. obj.).
Transitive verb
Numbers that you use in counting or measuring- one,two,three, seventy-five
All SEVEN sheep walked into the lions den.
Cardinal Number
A verb form that has no particular aspect, and simply tell whether or not the action took place in the past,present, or future.
He COUNTED the chocolate chips
Simple Tense
When a subject consists of two or more nouns/noun phrases that share the same verb
(Subject) STRIPES and (Subject)POLKA DOTS (Verb) look strange together.
Compound Subject
A way of using an adjective or adverb to describe something as having more of some quality than any other similar thing
tasty,tastier,tastiest.
Superlative degree
One or more syllables that you attach to the beginning of a word (a root or stem) to produce a new word with a different meaning.
The arid climate of the Sahara becomes SEMI-arid as you go south into the Sahel region.
Prefix
Numbers that describe what order things appear. First, Second, Third. Sixty-Ninth.
Ordinal number
An adverbial Phrase or clause that helps clarify the meaning of a particular adjective in a sentence.
The City is full OF CARS AND PEOPLE.
Adjective Complement
Nouns that directly refer to objects, people, places, or events. Many proper nouns are also ____ _____..
Concrete Noun
