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Languages (Duolingo) > 日本語 Grammar > Flashcards

日本語 Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

… 〜て は いけません

A

you may / must not …

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2
Q

… は よろしいですか？

A

would you like …? / may i …?

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3
Q

… を 召し上がって

A

… を めしあがって
… o meshi agatte
(please help yourself to …)

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4
Q

How to add んだ？

A

Nouns and NA-adj: + な + んだ

Otherwise: + んだ

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5
Q

when someone does something ‘sadly’

A

悲しそうに

they SEEM sad, you don’t know how they actually feel

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6
Q

I-adj:

  • past tense
  • negation
  • past negation
A

past: 〜い　→　〜かった (katta)
negation: 〜い　→　〜くない (kunai)
past negation: 〜い　→　〜くなかった (ku-nakatta)

+です to make formal

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7
Q

NA-adj (& nouns)

  • past tense
  • negation
  • past negation
A

past: 〜な　→　〜だった (datta) / 〜でした (deshita)
negation: 〜な　→　〜じゃない (janai) / 〜ではありません (dewa-arimasen)

past negation: 〜な　→　〜じゃなかった (ja-nakatta) / ではありませんでした (dewa-arimasen-deshita)

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8
Q

ます in PAST NEGATION form?

A

ませんでした

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9
Q

How to add ね after I-adj vs. NA-adj/nouns

A

I-adj: +ね

NA-adj/nouns: +だね

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10
Q

Converting to MASU form?

A
  • iru/eru: 〜る → 〜ます

- Other endings: 〜U → 〜I + ます

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11
Q

Converting to TE form?

  • IRU/ERU
  • U / TSU / other-RU
  • KU
  • GU
  • MU / BU / NU
  • SURU / SU
A
  • IRU/ERU: 〜る becomes 〜て
    (e. g. 見る → 見て)
  • exception: 帰る (kaERU) becomes 帰って
  • exception: 切る (kIRU) becomes 切って
  • U / TSU / other-RU: Change ending to って
    (e. g. 買う → 買って)
  • exception: 来る (kURU) becomes 来て
  • KU: Change ending to いて
    (e. g. 書く → 書いて)
  • exception: 行く becomes 行って
  • GU: Change ending to いで
    (e. g. 泳ぐ → 泳いで)
  • MU / BU / NU: Change ending to んで
    (e. g. 飲む → 飲んで)
  • SURU / SU: Change ending to して
    (e. g. 消す → 消して)
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12
Q

X は Y より Z

A

X 比 Y 更 Z

X is more Z than Y
i.e. put より after the thing that is ‘less’

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13
Q

X より Y のほうが Z

A

Y is more Z than X

i.e. put より after the thing that is ‘less’

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14
Q

と vs. や as AND

A

と = x AND y

や = x AND y, and etc.

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15
Q

… ので

A

because of …

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16
Q

you should …

A

… 〜た ほうがいい

〜た = plain v. in past tense

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17
Q

have you … before?

A

… 〜た のこと が あるの (ありますか)？

〜た = plain v. in past tense

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18
Q

… つもり

A

I plan to … (denotes intention)

*put plain form of verb

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19
Q

… たり … たり する (or other verb)

A

used to list verbs that are examples of the things you’re referring to (i.e. not exclusively just these)

(〜た / だり = plain v. in past tense + り)

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20
Q

… 〜て 欲しい ん/のですが。

A

I would like YOU to … (polite request)

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21
Q

… 〜たい ん/のですが。

A

I would like to … (polite request)

22
Q

I have not … before

A

… のこと が ない (ありません)

23
Q

… Xで できている

A

… is made from X

24
Q

are you able to …?

A

… (plain v.) こと が できる (できますか)？

*or use potential form

25
Q

X (verb) … のに、Y …

A

Y …, in order to X …

e.g. 食べるのに、時間がある = there is time to eat

26
Q

… 〜て みる (みます)

A

to try [to do something (in TE-form)]

e.g. 読んでみる = to try to read

27
Q

X … [する] ために、 Y …

A

Y…, in order to X…

28
Q

あげる vs. くれる vs. もらう

vs. やる

A

あげる: I (or someone) gave someone else

くれる: Someone gave ME

もらう: I received (from someone ‘outside’)
[use に to describe who DID the favor for you]

やる: I gave someone of lower status (e.g. pet, child)

*NOTE: need TE-form before using these!

29
Q

… 〜て いただけませんか?

… 〜て いただけますか?

A

Would you mind …(in TE-form) for me?

Could you …(in TE-form) for me?

30
Q

… 〜なくて もいい

A

You don’t have to …(in NEG form)

31
Q

… 〜て いただき たい んですか。

A

I would like you to …(in TE-form)

32
Q

X… の おかげで, Y…

A

Thanks to X…, Y…

33
Q

How much is…?

A

…は いくら ですか？

34
Q

A は B にとって C

A

To B, A is C.

35
Q

それから

A

and then / after that

36
Q

それとも

A

or

37
Q

Converting to potential form:

  • IRU/ERU
  • SURU
  • KURU
  • Others
A
  • IRU/ERU: る → られる
  • Exception: 帰る → 帰れる (acts like other -u endings)
  • Exception: 入る → 入れる [haireru]
  • Exception: 切る → 切れる
  • Exception: 走る → 走れる [hashireru]
  • Others: 〜U → 〜E + る
  • SURU: する → できる
  • KURU: くる → こられる (KOrareru)

(To make formal, change る to ます)

*use が (instead of を) for the object that you are able to do!

[more formally: … (plain v.) こと が できる]

38
Q

Converting to negation form:

  • IRU/ERU
  • Others
A
  • IRU/ERU: る → ない
  • Others: 〜U → 〜A + ない

(Formal: ます → ません)

39
Q

… 〜た ことがない

A

I have never done …

40
Q

…かかります / かかる

A

it takes … [amount of time]
OR
it costs …

41
Q

見られる vs. 見える

A

見られる: do you have the chance to see?

見える: is it visible?

42
Q

“死ぬか生きるか”

What does ‘か’ mean here?

A

か = or

i.e. “life or death

43
Q

A や B

A

A and B

44
Q

ほとんど + negation

A

hardly …

45
Q

X のような Y

A

(a/the) Y like X

46
Q

… ＋よう

A

seems / appears to be …

*can also use “…＋様子” (ようす, yousu)

47
Q

ほど vs. より

A

Both mean ‘compared to’;

but ほど implies that both have the quality, while より implies that one doesn’t

*ほど can also be “to the extent of” or “as… as”

48
Q

“… seems …” or “… is like / similar to …”

5 ways

A
  1. ＋みたい (な) = “is like…”
  2. ＋そう (な) = “seems…”
    * take -I or -NA off before adding そう
    * *いい → よさそう [yosa sou]
    * *〜ない → 〜なさそう [nasa sou] OR ＋そうじゃない (to express disagreement)

*change verb to -masu form ＋そう = Seems like it’s/one’s about to [verb]

  1. ＋らしい = “is like…”
    similar to how it should act (or following stereotype)
  2. ＋っぽい = “…-ish”
    in an opposite way to the way it should be
  3. ＋(の) よう (な) = “is like…”
    [v. formal, more in writing]
49
Q

I heard… / Apparently…

2 ways

A
  1. ＋そう (formal)
    * DON’T take -I off before adding そう
    * for NA-adj, -NA becomes だ (DA)＋そう
    * for nouns, add だ (DA)＋そう
    * for verbs, use plain form!
  2. ＋らしい (more common)
    * DON’T take -I off before adding らしい
    * for NA-adj, take -NA off before adding らしい
50
Q

よろしいでしょうか？

A

Is that alright?

51
Q

… に比べて

A

Compared to …

Languages (Duolingo) (4 decks)

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