Grammar Flashcards by Alisha Spence

two auxiliary verbs

perfect tense

avoir

etre

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avoir ??

j'ai
tu as
il/elle/on a
nous avons
vous avez
ils/elles ont

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etre ??

je suis
tu es
il/elle/on est
nous sommes
vous etes
ils/elles sont

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past participle ending for er verbs ?

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ir verbs ?

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re verbs?

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what verbs take etre ?

DRAPERS VAN MMT

monter
rester
venir
arriver
naitre
sortir
tomber
retourner
aller
mourir
partir
entrer
descendre

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what is different about the endings of verbs that take etre ?

the endings have to agree with the person

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masculine singular ?

no ending

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feminine singular?

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masculine plural?

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feminine plural?

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mixed plural?

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avoir pp?

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boire pp?

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croire pp?

cru

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lire pp?

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pouvoir pp?

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savoir pp?

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rire pp?

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voir pp?

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vouloir pp?

voulu

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dire pp?

dit

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conduire pp?

conduit

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connaitre pp?

connu

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courir pp?

couru

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devoir pp?

d>u

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e’crire pp?

e’crit

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> etre pp?

‘ete’

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faire pp?

fait

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mettre pp?

mis

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ouvrir pp?

ouvert

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prendre pp?

pris

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recevoir pp?

reçu

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pleuvoir pp?

plu

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tenir pp?

tenu

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apprendre pp?

appris

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comprendre pp?

compris

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d’ecouvrir pp?

découvert

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suivre pp?

suivi

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mourir pp?

mort

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na>itre pp?

né

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not

ne…pas

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never

ne…jamais

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no longer/ more

ne…plus

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neither…nor

ne…ni…ni

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nothing

ne…rien

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not anyone/noone

ne…personne

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not a single

ne…aucun(e)

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only

ne…que

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present tense negatives?

goes round only the auxiliary verbs

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past tense negatives ?

goes round the auxiliary verb and the past participle

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rules for future tense ?

always ends in r
er+ir, same as infinitive
re verbs, same as infinitive without the final e

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future tense endings ?

je…ai
tu…as
il/elle/on…a
nous…ons
vous…ez
ils/elles…ont

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future tense pp of envoyer ?

enverr…

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ft pp of aller ?

ir…

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ft pp of avoir ?

aur…

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ft pp of >etre ?

ser…

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ft pp of faire ?

fer…

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ft pp of pouvoir ?

pourr…

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ft pp of venir ?

viendr…

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ft pp of revenir ?

reviendr…

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ft pp of devenir ?

deviendr…

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ft pp of tenir ?

tiendr…

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ft pp of voir ?

verr…

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ft pp of recevoir ?

recevr…

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ft pp of savoir ?

saur…

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ft pp of devoir ?

devr…

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ft pp of acheter ?

achèter

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ft pp of jeter ?

jetter

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rules about using si ?

use the present tense in the si clause and future in the second

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reflexive verbs ?

je me 
tu te
il/elle/on se
nous nous
vous vous
ils/elles se

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s’asseoir ?

je m'assieds
tu t'assieds
il/elle/on s'assied
nous nous asseyons
vous vous asseyez
ils/elles s'asseyent

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translate: s’en aller

to go away

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t: se blesser

to hurt oneself

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t: se brosser

to brush

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t: se demander

to ask/wonder

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t: se decher

to hurry

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s’ennuyer ?

to be bored

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se f>acher ?

to get angry

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s’habituer >’a

to get used to

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se laver

to wash

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s’occuper de

to take care of

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se passer

to happen

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se peigner

to comb

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se sentir

to feel

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se souvenir

to remember

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se taire

to be silent

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se tromper

to be mistaken

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se trouver

to be located

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rules about reflexive verbs in perfect tense ?

always takes >etre
reflexive pronoun is infront or auxiliary verb e.g. s’est
agreement

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How to change masc. adjectives into fem.??

Add an e

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Masc. Adjectives ending in e?

Don’t add anything

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Masculine adjectives ending in x ?

End in se

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Masculine adjectives ending in f

End in ve

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Adjectives ending in el,en or on??

Double the final consonant before adding an e

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Some ending in s?

End in sse

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Some ending in et

End in ète

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Some ending in et or ot??

Double the final consonant before adding e

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Those ending in er??

End in ère

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Those derived from verbs and ending in eur ?

End in euse

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Beau ->

Belle

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Blanc->

Blanche

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Bref

Brève

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Faux

Fausse

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Frais

Fraîche

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Long

Longue

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Nouveau

Nouvelle

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Public

Publique

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Sec

Sèche

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Vieux

Vieille

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Making most adjectives plural??

Add s to masc and fem singular form

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Those ending in s or x ??

Don’t change in the plural

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Singular ending in eau ??

Add x to form masculine plural

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Mist masculine singular ending in al ??

End in aux

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Banal,fatal,final,natal,naval??

Add s to form masc plural

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Where to put most adjectives ??

After the noun

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Which adjectives go infromt of noun?

Those referring to beauty,age,goodness and size

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Special forms used in front of masculine singular nouns beginning with a vowel ??

Beau-> bel
Nouveau-> nouvel
Vieux-> vieil

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Ordinal numbers and other common adj, usually go infromt of noun? E.g…

Autre 
Chaque 
Plusieurs 
Quelques 
Tel= such
Premier

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What to do if two adjectives both go before or after the noun ?

Join them by et

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What does ancien mean before noun??

And after?

Former

Old

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How to compare something ?

Use plus, moins, and aussi before and que after the adjective

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In negative sentences what can aussi become ?

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What happens to comparative when follows by a noun??

Plus…que-> plus de…que
Aussi…que-> autant de…que
Moins…que-> moins de…que

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How to change it into superlative??

Use le la or les with comparative

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If the adj normally goes infromt of noun?

So will superlative

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Bon changes to … in comparative and superlative?

Meilleur

Le/la/les meilleur(e)(s)

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Mauvais changes to… in comparative and superlative? But can also be regular!! Plus mauvais
Le/la/les plus mauvais

Pire

Le/la/les pire(s)

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More and more ?

De plus en plus

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Less and less

De moins en moins

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The more… the more

Plus …plus

The more…the less

Plus…moins

When do you use Depuis?

In present tense

What other phrase can you use instead of depuis and in present tense ?

Ça fait (time)…que je

When doe you use ça fait ?

E.g ça fait Dix ans que j’apprends le français

Use depuis for?

Since

Present tense er endings??

E
Es
E
Ons 
Ez
Ent

Ir endings in present tense ??

Is
Is
It
Issons
Issez
Issent

Verbs ending in re in present tense , endings ?

S
S
Nothing 
ONS
Ez
Ent

Aider

To help

Apporter

To bring

To appreciate ?

Apprécier

To stop

Cesser

To decide

Décider

Dépenser

To spend money

Dessiner

To draw

Emporter

To carry /take away

Emprunter

To borrow

To teach

Enseigner

To earn/win

Gagner

Garder

To keep

Laisser

To let/leave behind

Montrer

To show

Passer

To pass/spend time

To carry /wear

Porter

Prêter

To lend

To tell

Raconter

To thank

Remercier

Rencontrer

To meet by chance

Retrouver

To meet by chance

Saluer

To greet

To bear/stand

Supporter

Traverser

To cross

Bâtir

To build

To warn

Avertir

To disobey

Désobéir

To establish

Établir

Grossir

To get fat

To cure /make better

Guérir

Maigrir / mincir

To get thin

To obey

Obéir

To think /reflect

Réfléchir

To succeed

Réussir

To blush

Rougir

Attendre

To wait for

To confuse

Confondre

To forbid

Défendre

Entendre

To hear

To interrupt

Interrompre

Rendre

To give back

Rompre

To break

To sell

Vendre

Verbs that end in g?

Add an extra e before adding ons ending e.g. nageons

Verbs whose stem ends in c

A cedilla is placed under the c before the ons ending commençons

Y changes to I?

In all parts of present tense apart from nous and vous

Verbs where e changes to è in all parts apart from nous and vous ?

Achèter
Lèver
Promèner

É changes to è ?

Préfère
Protège
Répète
Espère

Examples that Double consonant?

Jette

Appelle

Aller

Je vais 
Tu vas
Il/Elle/on va 
Nous allons 
Vous allez 
Ils/elles vont

Connaître??

Je connais 
Tu connais 
Il/Elle/on connaît
Nous connaissons 
Vous connaissez 
Ils/elles connaissent

Devoir?

Je dois
Tu dois 
Il/Elle/on doit
Nous devons 
Vous devez 
Ils/elles doivent

Dire ??

Je dis 
Tu dis 
Il/Elle/on dit 
Nous disons 
Vous dites 
Ils/elles disent

Écrire??

J’écris
Tu écris
Il/Elle/on écrit 
Nous écrivons 
Vous écrivez 
Ils/elles écrivent

Faire?

Je fais
Tu fais 
Il/Elle/on fait 
Nous faisons 
Vous faites 
Ils/elles font

Lire

Je lis 
Tu lis 
Il/Elle/on lit
Nous Lisons 
Vous lisez 
Ils/elles lisent

Mettre?

Je mets 
Tu mets 
Il/Elle/on met
Nous mettons 
Vous mettez 
Ils elles mettent

Partir??

Je pars 
Tu pars
Il/Elle/on part
Nous partons 
Vous partez 
Ils/elles partent

Pouvoir??

Je peux
Tu peux 
Il/Elle/on peut 
Nous pouvons 
Vous pouvez 
Ils/elles peuvent

Prendre ??

Je prends 
Tu prends 
Il/Elle/on prend
 Nous prenons 
Vous prenez 
Ils/elles prennent

Recevoir??

Je reçois 
Tu reçois 
Il/Elle/on reçoit 
Nous recevons 
Vous recevez 
Ils/elles reçoivent

Savoir?

Je sais 
Tu sais
Il/Elle/on sait 
Nous savons 
Vous savez 
Ils/elles savent

Venir?

Je viens 
Tu viens 
Il/Elle/on vient 
Nous venons 
Vous venez
Ils/elles viennent

Voir

Je vois 
Tu vois 
Il/elle/on voit 
Nous voyons 
Vous voyez 
Ils/ elles voient

Vouloir

Je veux 
Tu veux
Ilelleon veut
Nous voulons 
Vous voulez 
Ils elles veulent

if the verb stem ends in g?

add an extra e in the nous form

if the verb stem ends in c

change the c into a cedilla in the nous form

what does y change to in all parts apart from nous and vous

e.g. nettoyer

changes to I

e.g. nettoie

verbs where e changes to e grave ?

acheter

verbs where e acute changes to e grave ?

preferer
espere
repeater
proteger

how to remember etre verbs ?

drapers van mmt

which negatives only go round the auxiliary verb in the past twnse ?

ne pas
ne jamais
ne plus
ne rien

which negatives go around the auxiliary verb and the past participle in the past tense ?

ne aucune
ne personne
ne ni ni
ne quew

what happens to du etc after a negative expression?

it changes to de/ d’

what does quand and lorsque mean ?

when

what does au moment o>’u mean ?

at the moment when

what does d>’es que and aussit>ot que mean ?

as soon as

what do you do in the logical future ?

you use the future tense in both clauses

what is the imperfect tense ?

a past tense

used to describe something that was happening or used to happen

how do you form the imperfect tense ?

removing the ons from the nous form of the present tense and adding the imperfect tense endings

what are the imperfect tense endings ?

je ais 
tu ais
il/elle/on ait 
nous ions
vous iez
ils/ells aient

what happens if the stem of a verb ends with the letter g ??

an e is inserted before an ending beginning with an a

what happens if the stem of the verb ends with the letter c ?

a cedilla is added before an ending beginning with a

etre in the imperfect tense ??

j'etais 
tu etais
il/elle/on etait 
nous etions
vous etiez 
ils/ells etaient 
the e's at the start of each have an accent going to the left

when do you use etre in the imperfect ?

to say who or where people and things were or with an adjective to say what people or thingd were like

what phrase is the imperfect tense often used with ?

pendant que- the perfect and Imperfect is usually used in sentences with pendant que

there was/there were

il y avait

it was + adjective

c’etait

pleuvoir ?

to rain

present of to rain?

il pleut

imperfect of to rain?

il pleuvait

perfect of to rain

il a plu

future of to rain?

il pleuvra

what is the pluperfect tense ?

to say something had…

what do you need to form the pluperfect tense ?

auxiliary verb

past participle

whats different about the pluperfect tense ?

the auxiliary verbs have to be in the imperfect

What is the conditional tense ?

It expresses a condition I.e I would in English

It also expresses a future in the past

How is the conditional tense formed ?

Future stem of verb and adding the imperfect tense endings

What tense is usually used with the conditional tense ?

Imperfect tense

What is an adverb formed ?

Start with adjective
Change it to feminine
Add -ment

What happens if the adjective ends in a vowel ?

Add -ment to the masc form

Adjectives that end in ant or ent

The ant and ent hands to animent and emment

Adjectives which end in ément ?

Change the e to é before adding ment

Bref

Brève

Brief

Brièvement

Briefly

Gentil gentille

Nice

Gentiment

Nicely

Bon bonne

Well

Bien

Well

Mauvais

Mauvaise

Bad

Mal

Badly

Meilleur

Meilleure

Best

Mieux

Better

How to possession in French ?

De and name of person

My 
Your (fam.)
His/her/it’s
Our 
Your
Their

Mon
Ton
Son
Notre 
Votre
Leur

Feminine forms of possessive adjectives ??

Ma 
Ta
Sa
Notre
Votre
Leur

Plural of possessive adjectives

Mes 
Tes 
Ses
Nos
Vos
Leurs

What to do if noun begins with s vowel ?

Use the masculine singular forms of possessive adjectives

Rules for possessive adjectives ?

They agree in number and in gender with the noun not the possessor

The possessive adjective must be repeated before each noun ?

True

What possessive adjectives are used with on ,personne et tout le monde ??

Son sa ses

What happens if the object possessedis used in a different clause to the one where on etc is used ?

Notre and votre are used instead of son sa ses

What is used with chacun ??

Son sa ses

What happens if he plural subject is modified by chacun ?

The possessive adjectives agree with the subject

Masculine singular for this/that etc ?

This, that etc before a vowel ?

Cet

Feminine singular of this or that

Cette

Plural of this that these

Ces

What do you add to make a clear distinction between this and that ??

Ci -this
Exemple ce livre-ci

Là -that

Plural of un autre ?

D’autres

Chaque ??

Each /every

Plusieurs

Several

Quelque in singular ?

A little

What does quelque mean in plural?

A few

What else can quelque mean ?

Any kind of

If quelque is used in front of a number ??

It means about

Masculine singular of which ?

Quel

Masculine plural of which?

Quels

Feminine of which

Quelle

Feminine plural of which

Quelles

what sequences are used with the si clause

present and future

imperfect and conditional

what is the subject of a sentence ?

the person or thing doing the thing

what is the direct object?

the person or thing that has the action done to it

what is the indirect object?

always a person in french usually to…

what are the subject pronouns ??

je
tu
il
elle
on
nous
vous
ils
elles

what are the direct object pronouns ?

me 
te
le
la
nous
vous 
les

what to remember about direct object pronouns in sentence ?

they precede the verb

in the past tense where does the dop go ?

it goes infront of the auxiliary verb

what to remember about when using dop in past tense ?

the past participle then has to agree with the dop

what are the indirect object pronouns?

me 
te
lui
nous
vous
leur

what to remember about indirect object pronouns?

there is no agreement

what are indirect object pronouns usually replacing ?

the person to whom or for whom an action is done

word order of direct and indirect pronouns ?

me,te,se,nous,vous
le,la,les
lui, leur
y 
en
verb

what does the y pronouns replace ?

a,au,a la,aux,en,da,sur,sous,devant,derriere etc

To help

Aider à

To learn

Apprendre à

To begin

Commencer à

To invite

Inviter à

To succeed

Réussir a

To stop

S’arrêter de

To need

Avoir besoin de

To be scared

Avoir peur de

To stop

Cesser de

To decide

Décider de

To try

Essayer de

To avoid

Éviter de

To threaten

Menacer de

To forget

Oublier de

To promise

Promettre de

when is the logical future used ?

quand
lorsque
dès que 
aussitôt que 
au moment ou

different si clauses

present tense - future tense
imperfect tense - conditional tense
pluperfect tense - conditional perfect

être in imperative ?

tu - sois
vous - soyez
nous- soyons

avoir in imperative

tu - aie
vous-ayez
nous-ayons

savoir in imperative

tu-sache
vous - sachez
nous-sachons

ways of forming questions ?

qu’est-ce que …

inversion

subjunctive endings ?

je - e 
tu - es
il/elle/on - e 
nous - ions
vous - iez
elles /ils - ent

relative pronouns ?

que
qui
ce qui/ce que
dont

order of pronouns?

me 
te 
se
nous
vous
le 
la 
les 
lui 
leur 
y 
en

disjunctive pronouns?

moi
toi
lui
elle 
soi
nous
vous
elles 
eux

what conjunctions does subjunctive have to be used after ?

pour que
quoi que
bien que
afin que
avant que
sans que
jusqu'a que
pourvu que
a condition que
a moins que
de peur que

when else do you have to use subjunctive ?

necessity 
wishing/emotion
doubt
superlatives
negative

how do you make adjectives that end in a vowel into an adverb??

you just add ment

what happens to adjectives that end in ant or ent ??

you change ant to amment and ent to emment

what happens to adverbs which end in a silent e ??

e changes to é and add ment

adj. - adverb of briefly

bref/brève - brièvement

adj. - adverb of nice

gentil/gentille - gentiment

adj.-adverb of good

bon/bonne - bien

adj. - adverb of bad

mauvais/mauvaise - mal

adj.-adverb of best

meilleur/meilleure - mieux

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Grammar Flashcards

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