Grammar Flashcards
two auxiliary verbs
perfect tense
avoir
etre
avoir ??
j'ai tu as il/elle/on a nous avons vous avez ils/elles ont
etre ??
je suis tu es il/elle/on est nous sommes vous etes ils/elles sont
past participle ending for er verbs ?
é
ir verbs ?
i
re verbs?
u
what verbs take etre ?
DRAPERS VAN MMT
monter rester venir arriver naitre sortir tomber retourner aller mourir partir entrer descendre
what is different about the endings of verbs that take etre ?
the endings have to agree with the person
masculine singular ?
no ending
feminine singular?
e
masculine plural?
s
feminine plural?
es
mixed plural?
s
avoir pp?
eu
boire pp?
bu
croire pp?
cru
lire pp?
lu
pouvoir pp?
pu
savoir pp?
su
rire pp?
ri
voir pp?
vu
vouloir pp?
voulu
dire pp?
dit
conduire pp?
conduit
connaitre pp?
connu
courir pp?
couru
devoir pp?
d>u
e’crire pp?
e’crit
> etre pp?
‘ete’
faire pp?
fait
mettre pp?
mis
ouvrir pp?
ouvert
prendre pp?
pris
recevoir pp?
reçu
pleuvoir pp?
plu
tenir pp?
tenu
apprendre pp?
appris
comprendre pp?
compris
d’ecouvrir pp?
découvert
suivre pp?
suivi
mourir pp?
mort
na>itre pp?
né
not
ne…pas
never
ne…jamais
no longer/ more
ne…plus
neither…nor
ne…ni…ni
nothing
ne…rien
not anyone/noone
ne…personne
not a single
ne…aucun(e)
only
ne…que
present tense negatives?
goes round only the auxiliary verbs
past tense negatives ?
goes round the auxiliary verb and the past participle
rules for future tense ?
always ends in r
er+ir, same as infinitive
re verbs, same as infinitive without the final e
future tense endings ?
je…ai
tu…as
il/elle/on…a
nous…ons
vous…ez
ils/elles…ont
future tense pp of envoyer ?
enverr…
ft pp of aller ?
ir…
ft pp of avoir ?
aur…
ft pp of >etre ?
ser…
ft pp of faire ?
fer…
ft pp of pouvoir ?
pourr…
ft pp of venir ?
viendr…
ft pp of revenir ?
reviendr…
ft pp of devenir ?
deviendr…
ft pp of tenir ?
tiendr…
ft pp of voir ?
verr…
ft pp of recevoir ?
recevr…
ft pp of savoir ?
saur…
ft pp of devoir ?
devr…
ft pp of acheter ?
achèter
ft pp of jeter ?
jetter
rules about using si ?
use the present tense in the si clause and future in the second
reflexive verbs ?
je me tu te il/elle/on se nous nous vous vous ils/elles se
s’asseoir ?
je m'assieds tu t'assieds il/elle/on s'assied nous nous asseyons vous vous asseyez ils/elles s'asseyent
translate: s’en aller
to go away
t: se blesser
to hurt oneself
t: se brosser
to brush
t: se demander
to ask/wonder
t: se decher
to hurry
s’ennuyer ?
to be bored
se f>acher ?
to get angry
s’habituer >’a
to get used to
se laver
to wash
s’occuper de
to take care of
se passer
to happen
se peigner
to comb
se sentir
to feel
se souvenir
to remember
se taire
to be silent
se tromper
to be mistaken
se trouver
to be located
rules about reflexive verbs in perfect tense ?
always takes >etre
reflexive pronoun is infront or auxiliary verb e.g. s’est
agreement
How to change masc. adjectives into fem.??
Add an e
Masc. Adjectives ending in e?
Don’t add anything
Masculine adjectives ending in x ?
End in se
Masculine adjectives ending in f
End in ve
Adjectives ending in el,en or on??
Double the final consonant before adding an e
Some ending in s?
End in sse
Some ending in et
End in ète
Some ending in et or ot??
Double the final consonant before adding e
Those ending in er??
End in ère
Those derived from verbs and ending in eur ?
End in euse
Beau ->
Belle
Blanc->
Blanche
Bref
Brève
Faux
Fausse
Frais
Fraîche
Long
Longue
Nouveau
Nouvelle
Public
Publique
Sec
Sèche
Vieux
Vieille
Making most adjectives plural??
Add s to masc and fem singular form
Those ending in s or x ??
Don’t change in the plural
Singular ending in eau ??
Add x to form masculine plural
Mist masculine singular ending in al ??
End in aux
Banal,fatal,final,natal,naval??
Add s to form masc plural
Where to put most adjectives ??
After the noun
Which adjectives go infromt of noun?
Those referring to beauty,age,goodness and size
Special forms used in front of masculine singular nouns beginning with a vowel ??
Beau-> bel
Nouveau-> nouvel
Vieux-> vieil
Ordinal numbers and other common adj, usually go infromt of noun? E.g…
Autre Chaque Plusieurs Quelques Tel= such Premier
What to do if two adjectives both go before or after the noun ?
Join them by et
What does ancien mean before noun??
And after?
Former
Old
How to compare something ?
Use plus, moins, and aussi before and que after the adjective
In negative sentences what can aussi become ?
Si
What happens to comparative when follows by a noun??
Plus…que-> plus de…que
Aussi…que-> autant de…que
Moins…que-> moins de…que
How to change it into superlative??
Use le la or les with comparative
If the adj normally goes infromt of noun?
So will superlative
Bon changes to … in comparative and superlative?
Meilleur
Le/la/les meilleur(e)(s)
Mauvais changes to… in comparative and superlative? But can also be regular!! Plus mauvais
Le/la/les plus mauvais
Pire
Le/la/les pire(s)
More and more ?
De plus en plus
Less and less
De moins en moins
The more… the more
Plus …plus
The more…the less
Plus…moins
When do you use Depuis?
In present tense
What other phrase can you use instead of depuis and in present tense ?
Ça fait (time)…que je
When doe you use ça fait ?
E.g ça fait Dix ans que j’apprends le français
Use depuis for?
Since
Present tense er endings??
E Es E Ons Ez Ent
Ir endings in present tense ??
Is Is It Issons Issez Issent
Verbs ending in re in present tense , endings ?
S S Nothing ONS Ez Ent
Aider
To help
Apporter
To bring
To appreciate ?
Apprécier
To stop
Cesser
To decide
Décider
Dépenser
To spend money
Dessiner
To draw
Emporter
To carry /take away
Emprunter
To borrow
To teach
Enseigner
To earn/win
Gagner
Garder
To keep
Laisser
To let/leave behind
Montrer
To show
Passer
To pass/spend time
To carry /wear
Porter
Prêter
To lend
To tell
Raconter
To thank
Remercier
Rencontrer
To meet by chance
Retrouver
To meet by chance
Saluer
To greet
To bear/stand
Supporter
Traverser
To cross
Bâtir
To build
To warn
Avertir
To disobey
Désobéir
To establish
Établir
Grossir
To get fat
To cure /make better
Guérir
Maigrir / mincir
To get thin
To obey
Obéir
To think /reflect
Réfléchir
To succeed
Réussir
To blush
Rougir
Attendre
To wait for
To confuse
Confondre
To forbid
Défendre
Entendre
To hear
To interrupt
Interrompre
Rendre
To give back
Rompre
To break
To sell
Vendre
Verbs that end in g?
Add an extra e before adding ons ending e.g. nageons
Verbs whose stem ends in c
A cedilla is placed under the c before the ons ending commençons
Y changes to I?
In all parts of present tense apart from nous and vous
Verbs where e changes to è in all parts apart from nous and vous ?
Achèter
Lèver
Promèner
É changes to è ?
Préfère
Protège
Répète
Espère
Examples that Double consonant?
Jette
Appelle
Aller
Je vais Tu vas Il/Elle/on va Nous allons Vous allez Ils/elles vont
Connaître??
Je connais Tu connais Il/Elle/on connaît Nous connaissons Vous connaissez Ils/elles connaissent
Devoir?
Je dois Tu dois Il/Elle/on doit Nous devons Vous devez Ils/elles doivent
Dire ??
Je dis Tu dis Il/Elle/on dit Nous disons Vous dites Ils/elles disent
Écrire??
J’écris Tu écris Il/Elle/on écrit Nous écrivons Vous écrivez Ils/elles écrivent
Faire?
Je fais Tu fais Il/Elle/on fait Nous faisons Vous faites Ils/elles font
Lire
Je lis Tu lis Il/Elle/on lit Nous Lisons Vous lisez Ils/elles lisent
Mettre?
Je mets Tu mets Il/Elle/on met Nous mettons Vous mettez Ils elles mettent
Partir??
Je pars Tu pars Il/Elle/on part Nous partons Vous partez Ils/elles partent
Pouvoir??
Je peux Tu peux Il/Elle/on peut Nous pouvons Vous pouvez Ils/elles peuvent
Prendre ??
Je prends Tu prends Il/Elle/on prend Nous prenons Vous prenez Ils/elles prennent
Recevoir??
Je reçois Tu reçois Il/Elle/on reçoit Nous recevons Vous recevez Ils/elles reçoivent
Savoir?
Je sais Tu sais Il/Elle/on sait Nous savons Vous savez Ils/elles savent
Venir?
Je viens Tu viens Il/Elle/on vient Nous venons Vous venez Ils/elles viennent
Voir
Je vois Tu vois Il/elle/on voit Nous voyons Vous voyez Ils/ elles voient
Vouloir
Je veux Tu veux Ilelleon veut Nous voulons Vous voulez Ils elles veulent
if the verb stem ends in g?
add an extra e in the nous form
if the verb stem ends in c
change the c into a cedilla in the nous form
what does y change to in all parts apart from nous and vous
e.g. nettoyer
changes to I
e.g. nettoie
verbs where e changes to e grave ?
acheter
verbs where e acute changes to e grave ?
preferer
espere
repeater
proteger
how to remember etre verbs ?
drapers van mmt
which negatives only go round the auxiliary verb in the past twnse ?
ne pas
ne jamais
ne plus
ne rien
which negatives go around the auxiliary verb and the past participle in the past tense ?
ne aucune
ne personne
ne ni ni
ne quew
what happens to du etc after a negative expression?
it changes to de/ d’
what does quand and lorsque mean ?
when
what does au moment o>’u mean ?
at the moment when
what does d>’es que and aussit>ot que mean ?
as soon as
what do you do in the logical future ?
you use the future tense in both clauses
what is the imperfect tense ?
a past tense
used to describe something that was happening or used to happen
how do you form the imperfect tense ?
removing the ons from the nous form of the present tense and adding the imperfect tense endings
what are the imperfect tense endings ?
je ais tu ais il/elle/on ait nous ions vous iez ils/ells aient
what happens if the stem of a verb ends with the letter g ??
an e is inserted before an ending beginning with an a
what happens if the stem of the verb ends with the letter c ?
a cedilla is added before an ending beginning with a
etre in the imperfect tense ??
j'etais tu etais il/elle/on etait nous etions vous etiez ils/ells etaient the e's at the start of each have an accent going to the left
when do you use etre in the imperfect ?
to say who or where people and things were or with an adjective to say what people or thingd were like
what phrase is the imperfect tense often used with ?
pendant que- the perfect and Imperfect is usually used in sentences with pendant que
there was/there were
il y avait
it was + adjective
c’etait
pleuvoir ?
to rain
present of to rain?
il pleut
imperfect of to rain?
il pleuvait
perfect of to rain
il a plu
future of to rain?
il pleuvra
what is the pluperfect tense ?
to say something had…
what do you need to form the pluperfect tense ?
auxiliary verb
past participle
whats different about the pluperfect tense ?
the auxiliary verbs have to be in the imperfect
What is the conditional tense ?
It expresses a condition I.e I would in English
It also expresses a future in the past
How is the conditional tense formed ?
Future stem of verb and adding the imperfect tense endings
What tense is usually used with the conditional tense ?
Imperfect tense
What is an adverb formed ?
Start with adjective
Change it to feminine
Add -ment
What happens if the adjective ends in a vowel ?
Add -ment to the masc form
Adjectives that end in ant or ent
The ant and ent hands to animent and emment
Adjectives which end in ément ?
Change the e to é before adding ment
Bref
Brève
Brief
Brièvement
Briefly
Gentil gentille
Nice
Gentiment
Nicely
Bon bonne
Well
Bien
Well
Mauvais
Mauvaise
Bad
Mal
Badly
Meilleur
Meilleure
Best
Mieux
Better
How to possession in French ?
De and name of person
My Your (fam.) His/her/it’s Our Your Their
Mon Ton Son Notre Votre Leur
Feminine forms of possessive adjectives ??
Ma Ta Sa Notre Votre Leur
Plural of possessive adjectives
Mes Tes Ses Nos Vos Leurs
What to do if noun begins with s vowel ?
Use the masculine singular forms of possessive adjectives
Rules for possessive adjectives ?
They agree in number and in gender with the noun not the possessor
The possessive adjective must be repeated before each noun ?
True
What possessive adjectives are used with on ,personne et tout le monde ??
Son sa ses
What happens if the object possessedis used in a different clause to the one where on etc is used ?
Notre and votre are used instead of son sa ses
What is used with chacun ??
Son sa ses
What happens if he plural subject is modified by chacun ?
The possessive adjectives agree with the subject
Masculine singular for this/that etc ?
Ce
This, that etc before a vowel ?
Cet
Feminine singular of this or that
Cette
Plural of this that these
Ces
What do you add to make a clear distinction between this and that ??
Ci -this
Exemple ce livre-ci
Là -that
Plural of un autre ?
D’autres
Chaque ??
Each /every
Plusieurs
Several
Quelque in singular ?
A little
What does quelque mean in plural?
A few
What else can quelque mean ?
Any kind of
If quelque is used in front of a number ??
It means about
Masculine singular of which ?
Quel
Masculine plural of which?
Quels
Feminine of which
Quelle
Feminine plural of which
Quelles
what sequences are used with the si clause
present and future
imperfect and conditional
what is the subject of a sentence ?
the person or thing doing the thing
what is the direct object?
the person or thing that has the action done to it
what is the indirect object?
always a person in french usually to…
what are the subject pronouns ??
je tu il elle on nous vous ils elles
what are the direct object pronouns ?
me te le la nous vous les
what to remember about direct object pronouns in sentence ?
they precede the verb
in the past tense where does the dop go ?
it goes infront of the auxiliary verb
what to remember about when using dop in past tense ?
the past participle then has to agree with the dop
what are the indirect object pronouns?
me te lui nous vous leur
what to remember about indirect object pronouns?
there is no agreement
what are indirect object pronouns usually replacing ?
the person to whom or for whom an action is done
word order of direct and indirect pronouns ?
me,te,se,nous,vous le,la,les lui, leur y en verb
what does the y pronouns replace ?
a,au,a la,aux,en,da,sur,sous,devant,derriere etc
To help
Aider à
To learn
Apprendre à
To begin
Commencer à
To invite
Inviter à
To succeed
Réussir a
To stop
S’arrêter de
To need
Avoir besoin de
To be scared
Avoir peur de
To stop
Cesser de
To decide
Décider de
To try
Essayer de
To avoid
Éviter de
To threaten
Menacer de
To forget
Oublier de
To promise
Promettre de
when is the logical future used ?
quand lorsque dès que aussitôt que au moment ou
different si clauses
present tense - future tense
imperfect tense - conditional tense
pluperfect tense - conditional perfect
être in imperative ?
tu - sois
vous - soyez
nous- soyons
avoir in imperative
tu - aie
vous-ayez
nous-ayons
savoir in imperative
tu-sache
vous - sachez
nous-sachons
ways of forming questions ?
qu’est-ce que …
inversion
subjunctive endings ?
je - e tu - es il/elle/on - e nous - ions vous - iez elles /ils - ent
relative pronouns ?
que
qui
ce qui/ce que
dont
order of pronouns?
me te se nous vous le la les lui leur y en
disjunctive pronouns?
moi toi lui elle soi nous vous elles eux
what conjunctions does subjunctive have to be used after ?
pour que quoi que bien que afin que avant que sans que jusqu'a que pourvu que a condition que a moins que de peur que
when else do you have to use subjunctive ?
necessity wishing/emotion doubt superlatives negative
how do you make adjectives that end in a vowel into an adverb??
you just add ment
what happens to adjectives that end in ant or ent ??
you change ant to amment and ent to emment
what happens to adverbs which end in a silent e ??
e changes to é and add ment
adj. - adverb of briefly
bref/brève - brièvement
adj. - adverb of nice
gentil/gentille - gentiment
adj.-adverb of good
bon/bonne - bien
adj. - adverb of bad
mauvais/mauvaise - mal
adj.-adverb of best
meilleur/meilleure - mieux
