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grammar Flashcards

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Italian Verbs flashcards
1
Q

pronomi relativi: il cui/la cui/le cui/i cui meaning

A
  • means WHOSE

‘il ragazzo, la cui sorella è una mia cara amica

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2
Q

pronomi relativi: il quale/ la quale/ i quali / le quali meaning

A
  • used to replace che/cui in a more formal register
  • proceeded by an article

‘Giovanna e Mario, con il quale ho condiviso un appartamento’

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3
Q

pronomi relativi: il che meaning

A
  • means WHICH
  • used to replace previous sentences and facts as it refers to the whole previous sentence.
  • is invariable
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4
Q

pronomi relativi: quello che/ ciò che meaning

A
  • means THAT WHICH/ WHAT
  • the English ‘what’ - I don’t understand what you are saying

‘non capisco quello che/ ciò che dici’

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5
Q

pronomi relativi: queli che meaning

A
  • means THOSE WHO
  • used with the plural
  • coloro che also an equivalent
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6
Q

how to form il trapassato remoto

A

passato remoto of essere/avere + past participle

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7
Q

how to form il trapassato prossimo

A

imperfect of essere/avere + past participle

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8
Q

the passive: when to use venire

A
  • emphasise the process
  • 100% equivalent to essere
  • cannot be used with composed tenses - passato prossimo
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9
Q

the passive: when to use andare

A
  • for an instruction, must, equivalent to ‘dove essere’

- cannot be used with composed tenses - passato prossimo

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10
Q

congiunzioni: sia/sia meaning

A

both/ and

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11
Q

congiunzioni: né/né

A

neither/nor

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12
Q

articolo determinativo: when not to use article with school subjects

A

with the verbs PARLARE & STUDIARE

- a scuola ho studiato storia

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13
Q

articolo determinativo & superlatives

A

only use the article once

- Paravotti era IL tenore (il) più famosi del mondo

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14
Q

articolo determinativo & companies, institution names

A

always feminine

- la BBC, la Fiat, l’ONU

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15
Q

articolo determinativo & dates

A

always IL
or in –> nel 2004
in the 50’s –> negli anni 50

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16
Q

articolo determinativo & cities (3)

A

NOT USED unless the city is followed by an adjective
- Parliamo della Roma imperiale.

with ‘il’ can be referring to the football team
- Il Torino ha giocato

with ‘la’ to talk about the city in a certain way, ‘the city that I remember/ of my childhood’
- La Napoli della mia infanzia.

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17
Q

articolo determinativo & professions

A
  • used with professions

- not with the verb essere –> ‘Luciano è programmatore’

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18
Q

articolo determinativo & titles

A
  • used with titles but not when talking directly to them
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19
Q

articolo determinativo & dates (2)

A
  • used with dates, years, centuries
  • used with the days of the week to indicate a habit, something you do every Monday for example : Il lunedì vado in piscina.
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20
Q

condizionale: non confermato

A
  • used to express news or facts believed to be true but not proven/ confirmed
  • used by the media
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21
Q

condizionale: futuro nel passato

A
  • references to the future when in the past, there are two situations, one in the past and one in the future
  • PAST CONDITIONAL USED (conditional + past participle)
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22
Q

preposition used in the passive

A

DA

  • means by
  • combines with the articles of the object - preposizione articolate
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23
Q

how is the passive usually formed

A

ESSERE + past participle

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24
Q

how is the passive in the passato prossimo formed

A

essere present + essere past participle + the past participle of the original structure

  • last two agree in gender & number
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25
Q

what verbs is the passive voice formed with

A
  • transitive verbs

- those with an object

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26
Q

the passive: meaning of DA + infinitive

A
  • must be, equivalent to : Deve essere
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27
Q

the passive: the past & infinitives

A

essere (in the infinitive) + essere’s past participle + the past participle

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28
Q

the passive: andare & venire + compound tenses

A

cannot be used with composed tenses, e.g. the passato prossimo

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29
Q

Avere passato remoto

A 
ebbi 
avesti
ebbe
avemmo
aveste
ebbero
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30
Q

Essere passato remoto

A 
fui 
fosti
fu
fummo
foste
furono
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31
Q

when to use in trapassato prossimo

A

(imperfect essere/avere + pp)

  • when something happened before something else in the past
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32
Q

when to use the trapassato remoto (3)

A

(passato remoto essere/avere + pp)

  • in literary contexts
  • to refer to events, experiences or facts that happened or were already completed before a point of reference in the past
  • in each trapassato remoto sentence there will be an expression of time
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33
Q

pronomi relativi: which

A

IL CHE

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34
Q

pronomi relativi : whose

A

IL CUI
LA CUI
I CUI
LE CUI

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35
Q

l’infinitivo: rules with subjects (grammar)

A
  • the infinitive can be used as a SUBJECT, used as a noun: ‘nuotare è la Mia passione’
  • the infinitive can be used as a SUBJECT in IMPERSIONAL SENTENCES, with the formula : È + ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE, with no ‘di’ : è bello avere molti amici
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36
Q

l’infinitivo: rules with objects

A
  • the infinite can be used as an object after verbs such as ODIARE, AMARE & PREFERIRE : odio mangiare a pedi
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37
Q

l’infinitivo: after which prepositions is the infinite often used? (2)

A
  • the infinitive is used after prepositions, often DI & A
  • DI is always used with verbs expressing opinion when the subject is the same in the principle and secondary clause. If they are not the same, the subjunctive is used.
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38
Q

l’infinitivo: dopo, senza & fare (2)

A
  • infinite used after sense & dopo

- also used after fare, meaning to make or let someone do something: ho fatto guider la mia macchina a Mike

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39
Q

l’infinitivo: after which kind of verbs is the infinitive always used (2)

A
  • modal verbs

- perceptions verbs: e.g. sentire, vedere

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40
Q

l’inifinito &the imperative (2)

A
  • used with negative TU : non guardare quel film

- in instructions & recipes

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41
Q

7 nouns which change gender in the plural

A 
il carcere (prison) - le carceri
il paio (pair) - le paia
il riso (laughter) - le risa
l'uovo (egg) - le uova
il centinaio (hundred) - le centinaia
il migliaio (thousand) - le migliaia
il miglio (mile) - le miglia
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42
Q

endings: body parts which change gender in the plural (8)

A 
il braccio (arm) - le braccia
il cervello (brain) - le cervella
il ciglio (eyelash) - le ciglia
il dito (finger) - le dita
il labbro (lip) - le labbra
il membro (member, as in body part) - le membra
l'osso (bone) - le ossa
il budello (bowel) - le budella
43
Q

nomi alterati: diminutivi (3)

A

INO
ETTO
ELLO
(icelllo - piccolo - vicino - bellino)

44
Q

nomi alterati : accrescitivi

A

ONE

  • when feminine nouns take this suffix they often become masculine: una donna –> un donnone
45
Q

nomi alterati: vezzeggiativi (6)

cute

A 
INO
ETTO
UCCIO
ELLO
ULINO 
ICINO
46
Q

nomi alteri: peggiorativi (3)

A

ACCIO
ATSO
UCOLO

47
Q

Si impersonale: what are the 4 groups the si impersonate is split into

A 
1 - intransitive verbs
2 - Si passivante (transitive verbs)
3 - reflexive verbs 
4 - si + essere + adjective 
5 - pronouns + si
48
Q

Si impersonale: what are the common intransitive verbs

5

A 
ESSERE
ANDARE
STARE
VENIRE
DIVENIRE
49
Q

Si impersonale: intransitive verbs - what is the impersonal construction

A

SI + 3rd PERSON SINGLUAR

  • in GB la gente SI VA al pub
50
Q

Si impersonale: intransitive verbs and the past

2

A
  • always takes ESSERE
  • with intransitive verbs, essere is always in the singular and the past participle is always in the masculine plural

–> ‘l’anno scorso si è andati …’

51
Q

Si impersonale: intransitive vers, what happens to verbs which usually take avere in the past? (composed tenses)

A
  • they still take essere, but the past participle finishes in O all the time, does not accord even though it is with essere
52
Q

Si impersonale: si passivante - what is the impersonal construction

(transitive)

A

SI + verb which agrees with the object

53
Q

Si impersonale & reflexive verbs/ pronouns

A

to avoid SI SI the first ‘si’ changes to CI

CI SI

54
Q

Si impersonale: reflexive verbs and composed tenses

A
  • the same as intransitive verbs, always ESSERE with the past participle in the masculine plural
55
Q

Si impersonale: SI + essere + adjective

2

A
  • essere can be replaced by another copulative verb such as : divenire, diventare, nascere or morire
  • the verb is always in the SINGULAR and the adjective is always in the PLURAL

–> quando si ama, si è felici

56
Q

Si impersonale and pronouns

A

pronouns go before the si impersonale

57
Q

I congiunzioni: therefore (5)

A
  • perciò
  • dunque
  • pertanto
  • quindi
  • allora
58
Q

I congiunzioni: however (3)

A
  • tuttavia
  • eppure
  • ma
59
Q

I congiunzioni : although (3)

A
  • sebbene *
  • benché *
  • seppure *
60
Q

I congiunzioni : seeing as (2)

A
  • poichè

- dato che

61
Q

I congiunzioni : as long as (2)

A
  • purché

- finché - time

62
Q

I congiunzioni : time (5)

A
  • quando
  • mentre
  • appena
  • dopo
  • prima (prima che*)
63
Q

I congiunzioni : or (4)

A
  • oppure
  • altrimenti
  • o
  • ovvero
64
Q

I congiunzioni : not even (i) (2)

A
  • neppure
  • neanche
  • nemmeno
65
Q

I congiunzioni : given that

A

siccome

66
Q

I congiunzioni : that is to say, in other words (3)

A
  • cioé
  • ovvero
  • ossia
67
Q

I congiunzioni : and (4)

A
  • anche
  • e
  • inoltre
  • pure
68
Q

I congiunzioni: and yet

A

eppure

69
Q

I congiunzioni: except

A

tranne

70
Q

I congiunzioni: everywhere

A

ovunque

71
Q

I congiunzioni: in order that (2)

A
  • affinché *

- perché *

72
Q

I congiunzioni : so that (3)

A
  • di manera che *
  • di modo che *
  • talmente che *
73
Q

I congiunzioni: as if

A
  • come se *

- comunque *

74
Q

il congiuntivo: what are the subjunctive tenses

A

1 - present

2 - passato (present subjunctive + past participle)

3 - imperfetto

4 - trapassato (imperfect subjunctive + past participle)

75
Q

il congiuntivo: when to use the subjunctive in the subordinate clause 6

A

verbs which express:

  • sentimiento
  • opinione
  • dubbio
  • volonta

also with :

  • impersonal verbs and expressions
  • impersonal essere + adjective, adverbs or noun
76
Q

il congiuntivo: sentimiento subjunctive triggers

A

temere, avere paure, piacere, dispiacere, sperare, vergognarsi essere contento/triste/felice

77
Q

il congiuntivo: opinione subjunctive triggers

A

pensare, credere, ritenere, sostenere, supporre, avere l’impressione

78
Q

il congiuntivo: dubbio subjunctive triggers

A

dubitare, non essere certo/ sicuro

79
Q

il congiuntivo: volontà subjunctive triggers

A

volere, desiderare, pretendere, preferire, ordinare, vietare

80
Q

il congiuntivo: impersonal verb of expression triggers

A

basta, bisogna, conviene, occorre, pare, sembra

81
Q

il congiuntivo: impersonal essere + adjective, adverb or noun exception

A

‘è certo che’ always take the INDICATIVE

82
Q

il congiuntivo: subordinate conjunctions which trigger the subjunctive
12

A
  • benché, malgrado , nonostante, sebbene
  • affinché
  • purché, a patto che, a condizione che
  • nel case che
  • senza che
  • a meno che non
  • prima che
83
Q

il congiuntivo: the indefinite adjective and pronouns which trigger the subjunctive
4

A

chiunque
comunque
dovunque
qualunque

84
Q

il congiuntivo: when can the subjunctive be used in the primary clause/

A

with MAGARI & SE SOLO

  • no need for CHE
  • -> Se solo non piovesse
85
Q

il congiuntivo: when to use il congiuntivo imperfetto

A

when the verb in the principle clause is in the past or in the conditional

86
Q

il congiuntivo: when to use il congiuntivo passato

A

(subjunctive present + past participle)

  • when the verb in the principle clause is in the present or future
87
Q

il congiuntivo: when to use il congiuntivo trapassato

A

(imperfect subjunctive + past participle).

  • when the verb in the principle clause is in the past or conditional
88
Q

il congiuntivo: in what case is the congiuntivo imperfect used with present

A

to underline a ‘continual’ quality
- something that went on for a while::

–> credo che ieri piovesse

89
Q

il gerundio: endings

A

are : ando

ire/ere: endo

90
Q

il gerundio: the irregulars 7

A
  • formed with the imperfect stem
  • facendo
  • dicendo
  • bevendo
  • ponendo
  • traendo
  • conducendo
  • traducendo
91
Q

il gerundio: the uses

A
  • temporale (whilst)
  • modale (by doing)
  • causale (since, seeing as)
  • ipotetica (if)
  • concessiva (despite)
92
Q

il gerundio: avere/essere

A

avere - avendo

essere - essendo

93
Q

il gerundio: how is the past formed

A

essendo/ avendo + past participle

94
Q

il gerundio: how is the concessiva (despite) form formed

A

PUR + gerundio

–> Pur amando gli animali, ho una gran paura dei cani

95
Q

when to use il passato remoto

A
  • when the action has NO LINK with the present

- its a psychological difference

96
Q

il passato remoto: rule with NACERE

A
  • only use the passato remoto with the verb NACER when the person is now dead

–> mia nonna nacque nel 1911: she is now dead

–> mia nonna è nata nel 1911: she is still alive

97
Q

plural of la spiaggia

A

le spiagge

98
Q

plural of la moschea

A

le moschee

99
Q

is pianeta mas or fem

A

masculine

il pianeta

100
Q

proverb + _____

preposition

A

provere A

101
Q

articles and countries

A

the article is used with countries but not with the preposition ‘IN’: vivo in Italia

102
Q

which conhguinzioni subordinative take the subjunctive

7

A
  • sebbene (therefore
  • nonostante (therefore)
  • benché (therefore)
  • affinché (so that)
  • perché (so that)
  • Prima che
  • senza che
103
Q

what are the two different uses of the participio passato

A

1 - to mean ‘dopo che’, after used in proverbs

2 - as an adjective

Italian 2 (5 decks)

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