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Latin 1-Learn To Read latin > Grammar > Flashcards

Grammar Flashcards

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1
Q

3 properties of nouns

A

Gender
Number
Case

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2
Q

3 genders of nouns

A

Masculine
Feminine
Neuter

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3
Q

number of nouns

A

singular

plural

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4
Q

case of nouns

A 
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
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5
Q

Nominative case (use)

A

used for:

  1. subject
  2. predicate nominative (followed by a linking verb)
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6
Q

Genitive case (use)

A

Possession: expresses ownership of one noun over the other (no prep.)

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7
Q

Dative Case (use)

A 
used to:
1. Indirect Object (no prep)
2. Reference (no prep): "to/for"
3. Possessor (no prep): *often with form of 'sum'*
//possessor is ALWAYS a person
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8
Q

Accusative Case (use)

A

used for:

  1. Direct Object (no prep)
  2. Motion towards (+ad, in/on): express forward motion
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9
Q

Ablative Case (use)

A

used as:
1. Separation (+a/ab, e/ex): motion away
2. Place where (+in/on): location without forward motion
3. Accompaniment (+cum): person/people joining the subject
4. Means/Instrument (no prep): express the instrument by which the action of the verb occurs
5. Personal Agent (+a/ab): express the PERSON BY whom the action of the PASSIVE verb is done
6. Manner (+cum): the way the action of performed
//with a modifying adjective, cum is optional

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10
Q

Vocative

A

used as:
Direct Address
//often followed by interjection ‘O’

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11
Q

1st Declension F. Noun endings (present active)

A

a. ae
ae. arum
ae. is
am. as
ā. is

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12
Q

2nd Declension M. Noun endings (pres act)

A 
us.    I
I.       orum
o.      is
um    os
ō.      is
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13
Q

2nd Declension N. Noun endings (pres. act)

A 
um.    a
I.        orum
o.       is
um.    a
ō.       is
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14
Q

infix for imperfect tense

A

-ba-

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15
Q

infix for perfect tense

A

-bo, -bi-, -bu-

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16
Q

list of 1st declension m. nouns

A

agricola, incola, nauta, poeta

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17
Q

5 properties of verbs

A
  1. person: 1st/2nd/3rd
  2. number: sing/pl
  3. tense: time/aspect
  4. voice: active/passive
  5. mood: indicative/imperative/subjunctive
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18
Q

Tense of verbs

A

time:
1. present
2. past
3. future

aspect:

  1. simple
  2. progressive/repeated (used to)
  3. completed
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19
Q

Latin tenses (indicative)

A
  1. Present: (simple present; progressive/repeated present)
    ex. He sings; he is singing
  2. Imperfect: (progressive/repeated past)
    ex. He was singing; he sang (every day)
  3. Future (progressive/repeated future)
    ex. He will be singing; he will sing (every day)
  4. Perfect: (simple past; completed present)
    ex. He sang; He has sung
  5. Pluperfect: (completed past)
    ex. He had sung
  6. Future Perfect: (completed future)
    ex. He will have sung
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20
Q

Verb Conjugations

A

1st: -a-
2nd: -ē-
3rd: -e-
4th: -ī-

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21
Q

finite forms of a latin verb

A
  1. stem of principal part
  2. infix
  3. personal ending
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22
Q

From what principal part do we derive the present stem?

A

2nd

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23
Q

4 verb conjugations

A

1st: -ā-
2nd: -ē-
3rd: -e-
4th: -ī-

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24
Q

Present active indicative verb ending

A

O. MUS
S. TIS
T. NT

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25
Q

present active indicative of sum

A

sum. sumus
es. estis
est. sunt

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26
Q

imperfect active indicative of sum

A

eram. eramus
eras. eratis
erat. erant

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27
Q

future active indicative of sum

A

ero. erimus
eris. eritis
erit. erunt

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28
Q

present active indicative of possum

A

possum. possumus
potes. postestis
potest. possunt

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29
Q

imperfect active indicative of possum

A

poteram. poteramus
poteras. poteratis
poterat. poterant

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30
Q

future active indicative of possum

A

potero. poterimus
poteris. poteritis
poterit. poterunt

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31
Q

two meanings of the verb sum

A
  1. be (linking verb)

2. exist

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32
Q

Transitive vs. Intransitive

A
  1. fourth verb part ends with M for intr.

2. intr. will not have a D.O. following it

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33
Q

Complementary infinitive

A

completes the meaning of the verb

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34
Q

object infinitive

A

used as the direct object of the verb

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35
Q

Dative of the Possessor

A

(used when the verb is in a form of sum)
extension of dative of reference

  1. with verb habeo: translate habeo as
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36
Q

noun-adjective agreement

A

Make sure the endings match case, number, and GENDER

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37
Q

Predicate adjective

A
  1. appears after linkings verbs

2. modifies the subject of the sentence

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38
Q

irregular verb “eo”

A

eo, ire, ivi/ii, itus

- go

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39
Q

present active indicative of “eo”

A

eo. imus
is. itis
it. eunt

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40
Q

imperfect active indicative of “eo”

A

ibam. ibamus
ibas. ibatis
ibat. ibant

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41
Q

future active indicative of “eo”

A

ibo. ibimus
ibis. ibitis
ibit. ibunt

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42
Q

Present Passive Indicative verb ending (1st/2nd)

A

R. MUR
RIS./RE MINI
TUR. NTUR

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43
Q

Imperfect Passive Indicative verb ending (1st/2nd)

A

bar. bamur
baris/bare. bamini
batur. bantur

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44
Q

Future Passive Indicative endings (1/2)

A

bor. bimur
beris/bere. bimini
bitur. buntur

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45
Q

Ablative of Personal Agent

A

-prep: a/ab
-translated: “by”
-usually/always a person
-used with verbs in the passive voice
-

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46
Q

habeo and video in the passive voice

A

habeo: be considered
- takes pred. nom/adj

video: seem
- takes pred. nom/adj

47
Q

Ablative of Manner

A

(expresses the way in which the action is performed)

  1. When NOT modified by an adj: +cum
  2. When modified by adj.: optional +cum
48
Q

Subject Infinitive

A

(used as the subject of another verb)

ex. Bonum est Laborare
- Good is to work
- Working is good

49
Q

Apposition

A

(a noun that further defines or limits another noun)

ex. Regina, femina bona et magna,…
- The queen, a good and great woman, …

50
Q

Present stem of 3rd/4th conjugation verbs

A

2nd part minus -re

51
Q

Present active Indicative of 3rd conjugation

A
  1. 2nd part minus -re
  2. CHANGE -e- to -i-
  3. 3rd pl. -e- to -u-

O. IMUS
IS ITIS
IT. UNT

52
Q

Present Passive indicative of 4th conjugation

A

R. IMUR
ERIS/ERE IMINI
ITUR. UNTUR

53
Q

Imperfect/future Active/Passive Indicative of 3rd Conjugation

A
  1. present stem
  2. change -e- to -ē-
  3. add -ba-
  4. persondal endings
54
Q

Imperfect/future Active/Passive Indicative of 3rd-io/4th conjugation

A
  1. present stem
  2. change -e- to -iē-
  3. add -ba-
  4. persondal endings
55
Q

Future tense infix for 3rd/4th conjugation

A

“future 3 and 4, ‘a’ then ‘e’ forevermore”

56
Q

Present Passive Infinitives of All Verbs

A

Change final -e of present active infinitive to -i

ex. vocare -> vocari (to be called)

57
Q

Imperative mood

A

Gives direct commands

58
Q

Present active Imperative of all verbs

A
  1. (sing) take the present stem and MAKE NO CHANGES

2. (pl.) take the present stem and ADD -te

59
Q

Irregular present active imperatives

A

dico

  • (sing) dic
  • (pl) dicite

duco

  • (sing) duc
  • (pl) ducite

facio

  • (sing) fac
  • (pl) facite

fero

  • (sing) fer
  • (pl) ferte
60
Q

Present passive imperative of all four conjugations

A
  1. (sing) take the present stem and ADD -re

2. (pl) take present stem and ADD -mini

61
Q

Exceptions to passive imperatives

A
  • dico and duco have regular present passive inf.
  • fero(sing) is ferre
  • Facio does NOT have a passive infinitive
  • ago is used colloquially so it translated to “c’mon”
62
Q

Partitive Genitive

A

(when a noun in the genitive case represents the WHOLE of which another noun is a PART)

ex. Multi incolarum
- many of the inhabitants

63
Q

Subjective Genitive

A

(noun in gen. case expresses the person/thing PERFORMING A VERBAL ACTION in another noun)

ex. magnum erat odium mali in bonos
- great was the hatred OF THE BAD MAN against good men

64
Q

Objective Genitive

A

(noun in gen. case expresses the person/thing RECEIVING A VERBAL ACTION implied in another noun)

ex. propter odium dominorum servi non laborabant
- Because of the hatred of the masters, the slaves did not work

65
Q

Rule of Thumb for subjective and objective genitive

A

Subjective precedes, and Obj. Gen often follows the noun on which both depend.

66
Q

Ablative of Respect

A
  • no prep

- limits/specifies the meaning of an adjective or verb

67
Q

Personal pronouns

A

represents speaker/writer, one spoken to you, one spoken about

ego, tu, nos, vos

68
Q

Ego

A

I, me

Nom.   ego
Gen.    mei
Dat.     mihi
Acc.     me
Abl.      me
69
Q

nos

A

we, us

Nom.            nos
Gen.    nostrum/nostri
Dat.            nobis
Acc              nos
Abl.            nobis
70
Q

Tu

A

you (sing)

Nom.           tu
Gen.           tui
Dat             tibi
Acc             te
Abl              te
71
Q

Vos

A

you (pl)

Nom.              vos
Gen.       vestrum/vestri
Dat                vobis
Acc                 vos
Abl                 vois
72
Q

is, ea, id

A

is. ea. id
eius. eius. eius
ei ei. ei
eum. eam. id
eo. ea. eo

………………………………………………

ei/ii. eae ea
eorum earum eorum
eis/iis eis/iis eis/iis
eos eas ea
eis/iis eis/iis eis/iis

73
Q

possessive adjectives

A

(since the genitive of the personal pronouns do not show possession, we use these adjectives)

meus
tuus
noster
vester
is, ea, id
74
Q

nostrum/vestrum vs. nostri/vestri

A

nostrum/vestrum = partitve gen.

nostri/vestri = objective gen.

75
Q

Perfect Active System

A

3rd dictionary entry (without -i) + perfect active endings

76
Q

Perfect Active Indicative

A

I. IMUS
ISTI ISTIS
IT ERUNT/ERE

77
Q

Eo (perfect active)

A

II. IIMUS/IMUS
ISTI ISTIS
IIT/IT IERUNT/IERE

78
Q

Pluperfect Active Indicative

A

ERAM ERAMUS
ERAS ERATIS
ERAT ERANT

79
Q

future perfect Active Indicative

A

ERO ERIMUS
ERIS ERITIS
ERIT ERINT

80
Q

Irregular 3rd-Conjugation “FERO”

Present Active

A

Fero Fermus
Fers Fertis
Fert Ferunt

81
Q

Irregular 3rd-conjugation “FERO”

Present Passive

A

Feror Ferimur
Ferris/Ferre Ferimini
Fertur Feruntur

82
Q

Irregular 3rd-conjugation “FERO”

present active & passive infinitive

A

Active:
ferre

Passive:
ferri

83
Q

Irregular 3rd-conjugation “FERO”

Present Active/Passive Imperative

A

Active:

(sing. ) fer
(pl. ) ferte

Passive:

(sing. ) ferre
(pl. ) ferimini

84
Q

Reflexive Pronouns

A 
1ST person (myself)
(sing)                 (pl)
---                       ---
mei           nostrum/nostri
mihi                 nobis  
me                    nos
me                   nobis
2ND person (yourself)
(sing)                 (pl)
---                       ---
tui             vestrum/vestri
tibi                   vobis
te                      vos
te                     vobis
3RD person (him/her/itself)
(sing/pl)
---
sui
sibi
se/sese
se/sese
85
Q

Things to look out for reflexive pronouns

A

when you see a personal/reflexive pronoun, look at the verb and see if it matches the person.
If it does, see if it matches the number.

If all are true, its a reflexive pronoun.

86
Q

Reflexive-Possessive Adjectives

A 
meus, -a, -um
tuus, -a, -um
noster, nostra, nostrum
vester, vestra, vestrum
suus, -a, -um
87
Q

Things to look out for reflexive-possessive adjectives

A 
1. look at person of the adjective and verb ending
//suus works for both singular and plural
88
Q

Intensive Adjective

A

ipse ipsa ipsum ipso ipsae ipsa
ipsius ipsius ipsius ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis
ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa
ipso ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis

89
Q

Adverbs

A
  1. take stem (dropping ending of feminine singular nom.)
  2. add ending -ē
//usu. placed directly before the words they modify
//abl. of manner is an alternative form, but needs an ablative noun to have is work as an adjective.
90
Q

irregular adverbs

A

multus -> multum = much
bonus -> bene = well
malus -> male = bad
validus -> valide -> valde = strongly

91
Q

Subordinate clause types

A
  1. temporal: related to time or event
  2. comparative: event in main clause is compared
  3. causal: reason for the event in main clause
  4. concessive: reports event in spite of which the main clause occurs.
  5. conditional: condition under which the event in the main clause occurs
92
Q

Subordinate conjuntions

A
  1. Temporal:
    - postquam (after)
    - ubi (when)
    - ut (when/where)
  2. Comparative
    - ut (as)
  3. Causal
    - quoniam (since, because)
  4. Concessive
    - quamquam (although)
    - etsi (although)
  5. Conditional
    - si (if)
    - nisi (if…not, unless)
93
Q

Conditional Sentences

A

A complex sentence with a conditional conjunction (is, nisi) and main clause

  • conditional clause = protasis
  • main clause = apodosis
94
Q

3 classes of conditional sentences

A
  1. simple: statements about present/past time
  2. future: statements about the future
  3. contrary-to-fact: statements that suppose that the actions of both protasis and apodosis are not occurring now and the past
95
Q

2 types simple conditional sentences

A
  1. present simple
    • both clauses in the present tense
  2. past simple
    • both clauses in the past tense
96
Q

2 types of future conditional sentences

A
  1. future more vivid
    • both clauses in future tense
  2. future most vivid
    • future perfect in protasis, future in apodosis

//however, while translating, it is possible to translate the protasis as a present verb

//it is possible to translate future verbs in APODOSIS with imperative.

97
Q

Perfect Passive System

A

4th Principal Part + sum

98
Q

Perfect Passive

A

4th Principal Part (-us, -a, -um) + sum

99
Q

Pluperfect Passive

A

4th Principal Part (-us, -a, -um) + eram

100
Q

Future Perfect Passive

A

4th Principal Part (-us, -a, -um) + ero

101
Q

Omission of sum

A
  1. part of compound verb forms

2. used as an adjective “having been ___”

102
Q

Impersonal Passive

A 
3rd Person singular passive of an INTRANSITIVE verb
//does not have a subject
ex.) pugnatum --> pugnatur 
"it is fought"
"there is fighting"
"fighting is done"
"one fights"
103
Q

3rd Declension Nouns (M/F)

A 
---           es
is         um/ium
i             ibus
em        es/is
e/i          ibus
104
Q

3rd Declension Nouns (N.)

A 
---           a/ia
is         um/ium
i             ibus
---           a/ia
i             ibus
105
Q

3rd Declension noun: Vis

A 
vis        vires
---        virium
---        viribus
vim      vires
vi         viribus
106
Q

3rd Declension Adjectives (3 forms)

A
  1. 3 part adj
    ex. acer(m), [acris(f)], acre(n)
  2. 2 part adj
    ex. [fortis(m/f)], forte(n)
  3. 2 part (1 form)
    ex. Felix(m/f/n), [felicis]
107
Q

3rd Declension Adverbs & irregular adverbs

A

stem + (-iter)

//exceptions:
omnino
facile
difficulter

108
Q

Ablative of Separation

A

(motion away from)
“from _____”
-no prep: city, town, small island, “domus,” “rus”

109
Q

Ablative of Cause

A

(reason for the verb)
“because of ____”
-no prep

110
Q

Accusative of Motion Toward (Place to which)

A

(+ad/in)

-no prep: city, town, small island, “domus,” “rus”

111
Q

Ablative of Place Where

A

(+in/sub/pro)
“in ___”
*locative for cities, towns, small islands, “domus,” “rus”

112
Q

Locative Case

A 
domus ..................domi
rus..........................ruri
Roma.....................Romae
Athenae...............Athenis
Carthago..............Carthagini/Carthagine
113
Q

Ablative of Place From Which

A

(+a/ab, e/ex, de)
-no prep: city, town, small island, “domus,” “rus”

-Italia, patria, Roma are all ablative of Place from which

Latin 1-Learn To Read latin (9 decks)

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