Grammar Flashcards
3 properties of nouns
Gender
Number
Case
3 genders of nouns
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
number of nouns
singular
plural
case of nouns
Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative
Nominative case (use)
used for:
- subject
- predicate nominative (followed by a linking verb)
Genitive case (use)
Possession: expresses ownership of one noun over the other (no prep.)
Dative Case (use)
used to: 1. Indirect Object (no prep) 2. Reference (no prep): "to/for" 3. Possessor (no prep): *often with form of 'sum'* //possessor is ALWAYS a person
Accusative Case (use)
used for:
- Direct Object (no prep)
- Motion towards (+ad, in/on): express forward motion
Ablative Case (use)
used as:
1. Separation (+a/ab, e/ex): motion away
2. Place where (+in/on): location without forward motion
3. Accompaniment (+cum): person/people joining the subject
4. Means/Instrument (no prep): express the instrument by which the action of the verb occurs
5. Personal Agent (+a/ab): express the PERSON BY whom the action of the PASSIVE verb is done
6. Manner (+cum): the way the action of performed
//with a modifying adjective, cum is optional
Vocative
used as:
Direct Address
//often followed by interjection ‘O’
1st Declension F. Noun endings (present active)
a. ae
ae. arum
ae. is
am. as
ā. is
2nd Declension M. Noun endings (pres act)
us. I I. orum o. is um os ō. is
2nd Declension N. Noun endings (pres. act)
um. a I. orum o. is um. a ō. is
infix for imperfect tense
-ba-
infix for perfect tense
-bo, -bi-, -bu-
list of 1st declension m. nouns
agricola, incola, nauta, poeta
5 properties of verbs
- person: 1st/2nd/3rd
- number: sing/pl
- tense: time/aspect
- voice: active/passive
- mood: indicative/imperative/subjunctive
Tense of verbs
time:
1. present
2. past
3. future
aspect:
- simple
- progressive/repeated (used to)
- completed
Latin tenses (indicative)
- Present: (simple present; progressive/repeated present)
ex. He sings; he is singing - Imperfect: (progressive/repeated past)
ex. He was singing; he sang (every day) - Future (progressive/repeated future)
ex. He will be singing; he will sing (every day) - Perfect: (simple past; completed present)
ex. He sang; He has sung - Pluperfect: (completed past)
ex. He had sung - Future Perfect: (completed future)
ex. He will have sung
Verb Conjugations
1st: -a-
2nd: -ē-
3rd: -e-
4th: -ī-
finite forms of a latin verb
- stem of principal part
- infix
- personal ending
From what principal part do we derive the present stem?
2nd
4 verb conjugations
1st: -ā-
2nd: -ē-
3rd: -e-
4th: -ī-
Present active indicative verb ending
O. MUS
S. TIS
T. NT
present active indicative of sum
sum. sumus
es. estis
est. sunt
imperfect active indicative of sum
eram. eramus
eras. eratis
erat. erant
future active indicative of sum
ero. erimus
eris. eritis
erit. erunt
present active indicative of possum
possum. possumus
potes. postestis
potest. possunt
imperfect active indicative of possum
poteram. poteramus
poteras. poteratis
poterat. poterant
future active indicative of possum
potero. poterimus
poteris. poteritis
poterit. poterunt
two meanings of the verb sum
- be (linking verb)
2. exist
Transitive vs. Intransitive
- fourth verb part ends with M for intr.
2. intr. will not have a D.O. following it
Complementary infinitive
completes the meaning of the verb
object infinitive
used as the direct object of the verb
Dative of the Possessor
(used when the verb is in a form of sum)
extension of dative of reference
- with verb habeo: translate habeo as
noun-adjective agreement
Make sure the endings match case, number, and GENDER
Predicate adjective
- appears after linkings verbs
2. modifies the subject of the sentence
irregular verb “eo”
eo, ire, ivi/ii, itus
- go
present active indicative of “eo”
eo. imus
is. itis
it. eunt
imperfect active indicative of “eo”
ibam. ibamus
ibas. ibatis
ibat. ibant
future active indicative of “eo”
ibo. ibimus
ibis. ibitis
ibit. ibunt
Present Passive Indicative verb ending (1st/2nd)
R. MUR
RIS./RE MINI
TUR. NTUR
Imperfect Passive Indicative verb ending (1st/2nd)
bar. bamur
baris/bare. bamini
batur. bantur
Future Passive Indicative endings (1/2)
bor. bimur
beris/bere. bimini
bitur. buntur
Ablative of Personal Agent
-prep: a/ab
-translated: “by”
-usually/always a person
-used with verbs in the passive voice
-
habeo and video in the passive voice
habeo: be considered
- takes pred. nom/adj
video: seem
- takes pred. nom/adj
Ablative of Manner
(expresses the way in which the action is performed)
- When NOT modified by an adj: +cum
- When modified by adj.: optional +cum
Subject Infinitive
(used as the subject of another verb)
ex. Bonum est Laborare
- Good is to work
- Working is good
Apposition
(a noun that further defines or limits another noun)
ex. Regina, femina bona et magna,…
- The queen, a good and great woman, …
Present stem of 3rd/4th conjugation verbs
2nd part minus -re
Present active Indicative of 3rd conjugation
- 2nd part minus -re
- CHANGE -e- to -i-
- 3rd pl. -e- to -u-
O. IMUS
IS ITIS
IT. UNT
Present Passive indicative of 4th conjugation
R. IMUR
ERIS/ERE IMINI
ITUR. UNTUR
Imperfect/future Active/Passive Indicative of 3rd Conjugation
- present stem
- change -e- to -ē-
- add -ba-
- persondal endings
Imperfect/future Active/Passive Indicative of 3rd-io/4th conjugation
- present stem
- change -e- to -iē-
- add -ba-
- persondal endings
Future tense infix for 3rd/4th conjugation
“future 3 and 4, ‘a’ then ‘e’ forevermore”
Present Passive Infinitives of All Verbs
Change final -e of present active infinitive to -i
ex. vocare -> vocari (to be called)
Imperative mood
Gives direct commands
Present active Imperative of all verbs
- (sing) take the present stem and MAKE NO CHANGES
2. (pl.) take the present stem and ADD -te
Irregular present active imperatives
dico
- (sing) dic
- (pl) dicite
duco
- (sing) duc
- (pl) ducite
facio
- (sing) fac
- (pl) facite
fero
- (sing) fer
- (pl) ferte
Present passive imperative of all four conjugations
- (sing) take the present stem and ADD -re
2. (pl) take present stem and ADD -mini
Exceptions to passive imperatives
- dico and duco have regular present passive inf.
- fero(sing) is ferre
- Facio does NOT have a passive infinitive
- ago is used colloquially so it translated to “c’mon”
Partitive Genitive
(when a noun in the genitive case represents the WHOLE of which another noun is a PART)
ex. Multi incolarum
- many of the inhabitants
Subjective Genitive
(noun in gen. case expresses the person/thing PERFORMING A VERBAL ACTION in another noun)
ex. magnum erat odium mali in bonos
- great was the hatred OF THE BAD MAN against good men
Objective Genitive
(noun in gen. case expresses the person/thing RECEIVING A VERBAL ACTION implied in another noun)
ex. propter odium dominorum servi non laborabant
- Because of the hatred of the masters, the slaves did not work
Rule of Thumb for subjective and objective genitive
Subjective precedes, and Obj. Gen often follows the noun on which both depend.
Ablative of Respect
- no prep
- limits/specifies the meaning of an adjective or verb
Personal pronouns
represents speaker/writer, one spoken to you, one spoken about
ego, tu, nos, vos
Ego
I, me
Nom. ego Gen. mei Dat. mihi Acc. me Abl. me
nos
we, us
Nom. nos Gen. nostrum/nostri Dat. nobis Acc nos Abl. nobis
Tu
you (sing)
Nom. tu Gen. tui Dat tibi Acc te Abl te
Vos
you (pl)
Nom. vos Gen. vestrum/vestri Dat vobis Acc vos Abl vois
is, ea, id
is. ea. id
eius. eius. eius
ei ei. ei
eum. eam. id
eo. ea. eo
………………………………………………
ei/ii. eae ea
eorum earum eorum
eis/iis eis/iis eis/iis
eos eas ea
eis/iis eis/iis eis/iis
possessive adjectives
(since the genitive of the personal pronouns do not show possession, we use these adjectives)
meus tuus noster vester is, ea, id
nostrum/vestrum vs. nostri/vestri
nostrum/vestrum = partitve gen.
nostri/vestri = objective gen.
Perfect Active System
3rd dictionary entry (without -i) + perfect active endings
Perfect Active Indicative
I. IMUS
ISTI ISTIS
IT ERUNT/ERE
Eo (perfect active)
II. IIMUS/IMUS
ISTI ISTIS
IIT/IT IERUNT/IERE
Pluperfect Active Indicative
ERAM ERAMUS
ERAS ERATIS
ERAT ERANT
future perfect Active Indicative
ERO ERIMUS
ERIS ERITIS
ERIT ERINT
Irregular 3rd-Conjugation “FERO”
Present Active
Fero Fermus
Fers Fertis
Fert Ferunt
Irregular 3rd-conjugation “FERO”
Present Passive
Feror Ferimur
Ferris/Ferre Ferimini
Fertur Feruntur
Irregular 3rd-conjugation “FERO”
present active & passive infinitive
Active:
ferre
Passive:
ferri
Irregular 3rd-conjugation “FERO”
Present Active/Passive Imperative
Active:
(sing. ) fer
(pl. ) ferte
Passive:
(sing. ) ferre
(pl. ) ferimini
Reflexive Pronouns
1ST person (myself) (sing) (pl) --- --- mei nostrum/nostri mihi nobis me nos me nobis
2ND person (yourself) (sing) (pl) --- --- tui vestrum/vestri tibi vobis te vos te vobis
3RD person (him/her/itself) (sing/pl) --- sui sibi se/sese se/sese
Things to look out for reflexive pronouns
when you see a personal/reflexive pronoun, look at the verb and see if it matches the person.
If it does, see if it matches the number.
If all are true, its a reflexive pronoun.
Reflexive-Possessive Adjectives
meus, -a, -um tuus, -a, -um noster, nostra, nostrum vester, vestra, vestrum suus, -a, -um
Things to look out for reflexive-possessive adjectives
1. look at person of the adjective and verb ending //suus works for both singular and plural
Intensive Adjective
ipse ipsa ipsum ipso ipsae ipsa
ipsius ipsius ipsius ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis
ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa
ipso ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis
Adverbs
- take stem (dropping ending of feminine singular nom.)
- add ending -ē
//usu. placed directly before the words they modify //abl. of manner is an alternative form, but needs an ablative noun to have is work as an adjective.
irregular adverbs
multus -> multum = much
bonus -> bene = well
malus -> male = bad
validus -> valide -> valde = strongly
Subordinate clause types
- temporal: related to time or event
- comparative: event in main clause is compared
- causal: reason for the event in main clause
- concessive: reports event in spite of which the main clause occurs.
- conditional: condition under which the event in the main clause occurs
Subordinate conjuntions
- Temporal:
- postquam (after)
- ubi (when)
- ut (when/where) - Comparative
- ut (as) - Causal
- quoniam (since, because) - Concessive
- quamquam (although)
- etsi (although) - Conditional
- si (if)
- nisi (if…not, unless)
Conditional Sentences
A complex sentence with a conditional conjunction (is, nisi) and main clause
- conditional clause = protasis
- main clause = apodosis
3 classes of conditional sentences
- simple: statements about present/past time
- future: statements about the future
- contrary-to-fact: statements that suppose that the actions of both protasis and apodosis are not occurring now and the past
2 types simple conditional sentences
- present simple
- both clauses in the present tense
- past simple
- both clauses in the past tense
2 types of future conditional sentences
- future more vivid
- both clauses in future tense
- future most vivid
- future perfect in protasis, future in apodosis
//however, while translating, it is possible to translate the protasis as a present verb
//it is possible to translate future verbs in APODOSIS with imperative.
Perfect Passive System
4th Principal Part + sum
Perfect Passive
4th Principal Part (-us, -a, -um) + sum
Pluperfect Passive
4th Principal Part (-us, -a, -um) + eram
Future Perfect Passive
4th Principal Part (-us, -a, -um) + ero
Omission of sum
- part of compound verb forms
2. used as an adjective “having been ___”
Impersonal Passive
3rd Person singular passive of an INTRANSITIVE verb //does not have a subject ex.) pugnatum --> pugnatur "it is fought" "there is fighting" "fighting is done" "one fights"
3rd Declension Nouns (M/F)
--- es is um/ium i ibus em es/is e/i ibus
3rd Declension Nouns (N.)
--- a/ia is um/ium i ibus --- a/ia i ibus
3rd Declension noun: Vis
vis vires --- virium --- viribus vim vires vi viribus
3rd Declension Adjectives (3 forms)
- 3 part adj
ex. acer(m), [acris(f)], acre(n) - 2 part adj
ex. [fortis(m/f)], forte(n) - 2 part (1 form)
ex. Felix(m/f/n), [felicis]
3rd Declension Adverbs & irregular adverbs
stem + (-iter)
//exceptions:
omnino
facile
difficulter
Ablative of Separation
(motion away from)
“from _____”
-no prep: city, town, small island, “domus,” “rus”
Ablative of Cause
(reason for the verb)
“because of ____”
-no prep
Accusative of Motion Toward (Place to which)
(+ad/in)
-no prep: city, town, small island, “domus,” “rus”
Ablative of Place Where
(+in/sub/pro)
“in ___”
*locative for cities, towns, small islands, “domus,” “rus”
Locative Case
domus ..................domi rus..........................ruri Roma.....................Romae Athenae...............Athenis Carthago..............Carthagini/Carthagine
Ablative of Place From Which
(+a/ab, e/ex, de)
-no prep: city, town, small island, “domus,” “rus”
-Italia, patria, Roma are all ablative of Place from which
