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1
Q

how is the pretérito perfecto formed

present perfect

A

present haber + past participle

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2
Q

what is the pretérito perfecto used for
(present perfect)
he + __ido/ado

A

to talk about something that has happened

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3
Q

how is the past perfect formed

pluscuamperfecto

A

imperfect haber + past participle

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4
Q

what is the pluscuamperfecto used for
(past perfect)
había + __ido/ado

A

describe something which had happened before something else in the past
- i had not done = no había hecho

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5
Q

how is the condicional compuesto formed

conditional perfect

A

conditional haber + past participle

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6
Q

when is the condicional compuesto used

A

to talk about something you would have done

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7
Q

tu imperative

how is it formed

A

3rd person singular ending

take away the ‘S’

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8
Q

irregular - tu imperative for DECIR

A

di

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9
Q

irregular - tu imperative for SALIR

A

sal

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10
Q

irregular - tu imperative for HACER

A

haz

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11
Q

irregular - tu imperative for SER

A

sé

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12
Q

irregular - tu imperative for IR

A

ve

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13
Q

irregular - tu imperative for TENER

A

ten

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14
Q

irregular - tu imperative for PONER

A

pon

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15
Q

irregular - tu imperative for VENIR

A

ven

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16
Q

how is the negative imperative for TU formed

A

subjunctive tu

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17
Q

how is the VOSOTROS imperative formed

A

take the stem, remove the R and add D

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18
Q

how does vosotros reflexive imperative work (3)

A
  • final D is dropped, replaced with pronoun OS
  • except for IRSE - idos
  • verbs ending in IR require an accent = vestíos
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19
Q

how does USTED affirmative and negative imperative work

A

3rd person subjunctive

- ‘NO’ is added in front for negative

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20
Q

how does USTEDES affirmative and negative imperative work

A

3rd person plural subjunctive

- NO is added in front for negative

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21
Q

pronouns & the imperative: which comes first, direct or indirect object pronoun?

A

indirect object pronoun
then
direct object pronoun

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22
Q

pronouns & the imperative: what are the accent rules (3)

A

1) if the command has two syllables (e.g compre) then an accent is needed if one or two pronouns are added.
- -> cómprelo
2) if the command has one syllable (e.g haz) then an accent is only needed if two pronouns are added.
- -> hazlo
- -> házmelo
3) accent must be added to the next to last syllable before pronoun is added.

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23
Q

pronouns & the negative imperative: what is the pronoun order?

A
  • pronouns go before the command

- indirect object pronouns go before the direct object pronouns if both are needed.

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24
Q

what is the pronoun rule if both pronouns begin with ‘L’ one after the other

A

the first one must change to ‘SE’

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25
Q

when is a definite article not needed

A
  • when the noun comes before: cierto/a, medio/a, tal(es), otro/a, or mil.
  • professions, religions or nationalities.
  • to describe an unknown amount of something
  • talking about possession with tener (unless its followed by an adjective - when something is describing a particular quality of the noun)
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26
Q

neuter LO uses

A
  • to express an abstract possesion - ‘lo mio’

- lo + adjective to emphasise the adjective

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27
Q

the definite articles

A

el
la
los
las

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28
Q

which words take EL instead of LA as definite articles because of their ‘A’ pronunciation (5)

A 
el aula
el agua
el hambre
el arma
el hacha
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29
Q

time and definite articles:
what is la/ las used for
what is el used for

A

La / las + horas

el + fechas

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30
Q

demostrativos – when to use : este, esta, estos, estas

A
  • to talk about something close by

- to talk about something in the present, or the near past and future

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31
Q

demostrativos – when to use: ese, esa, esos, esas

A
  • to talk about something reasonably close

- to talk about the present and future of things already mentioned

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32
Q

demostrativos – when to use - aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellas

A
  • to talk about something far away

- to talk a past from a long time ago

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33
Q

demostrativos – the difference between ESTO and ESO

A

Esto - something which we will add on

eso - something already said

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34
Q

present - 1st person irregulars

what do verbs ending in GUIR change to

A

GO

e.g extinguir –> extingo

35
Q

present - 1st person irregulars

what do verbs ending in GER change to

A

J

e.g recoger –> recojo

36
Q

1st person present of caer

A

caigo

37
Q

1st person present of dar

A

doy

38
Q

1st person present of hacer

A

hago

39
Q

1st person present of poner

A

pongo

40
Q

1st person present of saber

A

sé

41
Q

1st person present of traer

A

traigo

42
Q

1st person present of ver

A

veo

43
Q

1st person present of conocer

A

conozco

44
Q

subjunctive of DAR

A 
dé 
des 
dé 
demos 
deis 
den
45
Q

subjunctive of HABER

A 
haya
hayas
haya
hayamos
hayáis 
hayan
46
Q

subjunctive or ESTAR

A 
esté
estés
esté
estemos
estéis
estén
47
Q

subjunctive of SER

A 
sea
seas
sea
seamos
seáis
sean
48
Q

subjunctive of IR

A 
vaya
vayas
vaya
vayamos
vayáis
vayan
49
Q

how is the imperfect subjunctive formed

A

3rd person preterite stem + ra/ras/ra/ramos/rais/ran

50
Q

how is el subjunctivo del pluscuamperfecto formed

A

imperfect subjunctive of haber + past participle

hubiera + ___ido/ado

51
Q

use of el subjuntivo del pluscuamperfecto

A
  • used to talk about something that happened before something else in the past
  • to talk about emotions and desires
  • paired with the present and past conditional in ‘if clauses’ to express impossible situations.
52
Q

which tense to use if the governing verb is in the

  • imperfect
  • preterite
  • past perfect (pluscuamperfecto)
A

imperfect subjunctive

53
Q

which tense to use if the governing verb is in the

  • conditional
  • conditional perfect (condicional compuesto)
A

pluscuamperfecto

54
Q

preterite of ir

A 
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
55
Q

preterite of SER

A 
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
56
Q

preterite of dar

A 
di 
diste
dio 
dimos
disteis
dieron
57
Q

preterite of ver

A 
vi
viste
vio
vimos
visteis
vieron
58
Q

direct pronouns

A

lo
la
las
los

59
Q

indirect pronouns

A 
me
te
le
nos
os
les
60
Q

what happens when an indirect pronoun is next to a direct pronoun

A

the indirect pronoun changes the L to an S

se lo

61
Q

oraciones causales: what comes after ‘por si’

A

the imperfect subjunctive

the present

62
Q

what is the difference between tan and tanto

A

tan - means ‘so’, used with adverbs and adjectives

tanto - means ‘so much’ or ‘as much’ when used with como, used with nouns

63
Q

what are the three possible variations of the oraciones condiciones posibilies

A

SI + PRESENT + IMPERATIVE

SI + PRESENT + FUTURE

SI + PRESENT + PRESENT

64
Q

what tenses are used in condiciones poco probables

A

SI + IMPERFECTO SUBJUNCTIVO + CONDICIONAL

65
Q

What tenses are used in condiciones imposibles

A

SI + PLUSCUAMPERFECTO DE SUBJUNCTIVO + CONDICIONAL

SI + PLUSCUAMPERFECTO DE SUBJ + PLUSCUAMPERFECTO DE SUBJ.

66
Q

how to form the pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo

A

imperfect subjunctive of haber + past participle

hubiera etc

67
Q

imperfect subjunctive of haber

A 
hubiera
hubieras 
hubiera
hubiéramos
hubierais
hubieran
68
Q

what tense is used in oraciones finales

A

subjunctive is used unless the subject is the same in both clauses of the sentence, in this case the infinitive is used.

69
Q

oraciones causales
por
a causa de
plus what??

A

+ nouns / pronouns / infinite

70
Q 
oraciones causales 
porque 
ya que
puesto que
es que
como (start of sentence) 
plus what??
A

+ indicative / nouns

71
Q

oraciones temporales: what comes after
antes de
después de
hastA

A

the infinite

72
Q

how is the passive voice formed

A

ser + participe passado + por

73
Q

how is the active voice formed

A

1 - impersonal se: se + verb in the third person + a subjet

2 = 3rd person preterite

74
Q

se impersonal: what happens with reflexive verbs

A

since the SE is already used, we use ‘la gente’ or ‘uno’ in front of se.

75
Q

oraciones concesivas: por muy….

A

por muy + adjectives + que + subjuncitive

76
Q

oraciones concesivas:
a pesar de + ??
a pesar de que + ??

A

a pesar de + infinite

a pesar de que + indicative

77
Q

oraciones concesivas: por mucho/poco…

A

por mucho/poco + que + sustantivo + subjunctive

78
Q

which type of pronoun is usually used for people

A

indirect

79
Q

when to use direct pronouns

A
  • to replace the direct object (the object that directly recieves the action of the verb)
  • often used for things, that which recieves the action of the verb
80
Q

when to use an indirect pronoun

A
  • to replace indirect objects, ask - to who??

- usually used for people

81
Q

when to use SER

A
  • permanent and lasting attributes
  • Descriptions
  • Occupation
  • Time (dates, days, years etc)
  • Origin (where from & materials)
  • Relationships
82
Q

when to use ESTER

A
  • temporary sates
  • Locations
  • Conditions
  • Emotions
83
Q

future endings

A 
é
ás
á 
amos
eís 
an

Spanish (5 decks)

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