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grammar Flashcards

1
Q

when to use the indefinite article ‘uno’

A 
-masculine, less common, used when next word is followed by: 
s + consonant 
gn
z
y
ps
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2
Q

when to use the indefinite article ‘un’

A
  • masculine, more common, used when next word begins with vowel or consonant
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3
Q

what are indefinite articles

A

un/uno

una/ un’

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4
Q

what are definite articles

A

singular masculine: il/lo/l’ -> (vowel)
singular feminine: la/l’

plural masculine: I/gli/ gli -> (vowel)
plural feminine: Le

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5
Q

When to use the definite article ‘lo’

A 
Same reasons as UNO
when next word is followed by: 
s + consonant 
gn
z
y
ps
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6
Q

what is the definite article used for masculine plural

A

GLI

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7
Q

what is a possessive adjective

A

the word indicating that something belongs to you/someone

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8
Q

masculine singular possessive adjectives

A 
il mio
il tuo
il suo
il nostro
il vostro
il loro
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9
Q

masculine plural possessive adjectives

A 
i miei
i tuoi
i suoi
i nostri
i vostri
i loro
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10
Q

feminine singular possessive adjectives

A 
la mia
la tua
la sua
la nostra
la vostra
la loro
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11
Q

feminine plural possessive adjectives

A 
le mie
le tue
le sue
le nostre
le vostre
le loro
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12
Q

what are the main modal versb

A
  • potere
  • volere
  • dovere
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13
Q

whats the difference between tra and fra

between

A

no difference, tra more common, depends on letter of next word, dont want to two of the same sounds after each other

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14
Q

what are the prepositions

A 
di
a
da
in
con
su
per
tra/fa
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15
Q

when the use the preposition A (2)

A
  • express going somewhere

- in front of direct objects

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16
Q

when to use the preposition DI (4)

A
  • to show possession
  • to describe what something is made form
  • to make comparisons
  • with essere it indicates origin
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17
Q

when to use the preposition DA (3)

A
  • to talk about something in the past that is still going on - essere + da + time expression
  • to talk about going to someone’s house
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18
Q

how are articulated prepositions made (prepozioni articolate)

A

prepositions + definite articles

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19
Q

preposizioni articolate: di + definitive articles for masculine singular

A

di + il = del
di + lo = dello
di + l’ = dell’

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20
Q

preposizioni articolate: di + definite articles for masculine plural

A

di + i = dei

di + gli = degli

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21
Q

what are the main relative pronouns

A

che
cui
chi
quello che

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22
Q

when to use the relative pronoun CUI

A

after a preposition

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23
Q

preposizioni articolate: di + definite articles for female singular

A

di + la = della

di + l’ = dell’

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24
Q

preposizioni articolate: di + definite articles for feminine plural

A

di + le = delle

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25
Q

preposizioni articolate: in = definite articles for feminine singular

A

in + la = nella

in + l’ = nell’

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26
Q

direct pronouns

A 
mi 
ti 
lo, la
ci 
vi
Li, le
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27
Q

what question do direct object pronouns answer?

A

what?

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28
Q

what is the crucial difference between a direct and an indirect pronoun

A

direct - answers the question what/who?

indirect - answers the question to what

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29
Q

pronouns used to say

  • to him
  • to her
A
  • to him = gli

- to her = le

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30
Q

Does ‘dire’ take a direct or indirect pronoun?

A

INDIRECT

  • dare a
  • action you do to somebody/ something
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31
Q

indirect pronouns

A 
mi 
ti 
gli (masc) le (fem) Le (formal) 
ci
vi
gli (m + f)
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32
Q

adjectives : group 1 (O/A)

A

group 1 : finish with O masculine
A feminine
I masculine plural
E feminine plural

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33
Q

adjectives : group 2 (E)

A

group 2 : masculine and feminine end in E

plurals both end in I

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34
Q

adjectives: group 3 invariables

A

invariables : finish in A / U / E

often applies to colours e.g. blu.

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35
Q

MOLTO - the rules

A

1 - when ‘molto’ means ‘very’ it doesnt vary. In this case it is an adverb and is invariable.
2 - when ‘molto’ is an adjective, it is variable and accords with the noun.

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36
Q

3 reasons some nouns are invariable

A

1 - words with vowels on the end with an accent do not change for plurals, but the article does change. e.g. –> un caffè

2 - foreign words do not change –> un computer, due computer

3 - words ending in ISTA do not change in genre in singular, but I for masculine plural and E for feminine plural.

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37
Q

how to form PIACERE in the past

A
  • auxiliary essere + piacere

- agrees with the thing liked or not liked

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38
Q

what preposition is used for cities

A

A

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39
Q

what preposition is used for countries and regions

A

IN

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40
Q

Islands and prepoisitions

A

BIG islands take –> IN

small islands take –> A

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41
Q

what preposition do nouns ending in IA & ECA take?

A

IN

like farmacia & discoteca

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42
Q

transport and prepositions

A
  • all transports take IN apart from ‘a piedi’
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43
Q

what are pronomi tonici

A 
- pronouns used for ephasis 
ME
TE
LEI/LUI
NOI
VOI
LORO
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44
Q

when do bello and quello accord

A

when they are before a noun

e.g. –> quello / bella …

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45
Q

whats the difference between
meterci
volere
when referring to time

A

meterci - used when there is a subject ( ci metto)

volere - no subject. Either vuole if singular and vogliono if plural.

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46
Q

Indirect pronouns: 3rd person plural - difference between gli and loro?

A

gli is used before the verb

loro is used after the verb

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47
Q

what is the rule about articles and family members?

A

members of the family in the SINGULAR do not require an article ( il, la, i le).

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48
Q

to be from

which prepositions come after the two verbs to say this

A

Essere –> di + city

venire –> DA

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49
Q

which preposition is used to express something being in a certain amount of time

A

TRA/ FRA

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50
Q

what is an adverb?

A

a word which describes a verb or an adjective
–> (!troppo!) belli
they are invariable

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51
Q

how to express ‘some’

A

DI + ARTICLE

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52
Q

what are the prinomi indefini (5)

can also be adjectivi indefini

A
  • uno
  • qualcuno
  • qualcosa
  • tutti
  • tutto
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53
Q

how to work out whether the plural of a noun keeps or looses the ‘I’? (word that end in cia/gia)

A
  • it keeps the ‘I’ if there is a vowel before the cia/gia
  • if there is a consonant before the ‘cia’ or ‘gia’ then the word will end in ‘ce’ of ‘ge’.
  • -> grigia = grigie
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54
Q

when to use the passato prossimo (2)

A
  • to talk about a unique event

- to talk about an event which lasted a certain amount of time in the past but which has FINISHED

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55
Q

when to use the imperfecto (2)

A
  • to describe physical aspects, places and situations in the past
  • to talk about a habit in the past
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56
Q

what are the two main irregulars in the imperfecto

A
  • ESSERE = ero/i/a…

- FARE = facevo/i/a…

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57
Q

comparativi:

when to use CHE (5)

A
  • when something is more something than something else
  • used to compare two aspects of a person/ thing
  • used to compare to verbs
  • used to compare nouns with a preposition in from aka A.
  • used to compare adjectives
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58
Q

comparativi: when to use Di

A
  • used to compare two people, when there are personal pronouns
  • comparing two nouns
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59
Q

comparativi:
the irregulars
(4)

A

1) buono = migliore /il migliore
2) cattivo = peggiore/ il peggiore
3) grande = maggiore/ il maggiore
4) piccolo = minore/ il minore

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60
Q

when to use a superlative relativo

A

to describe as being the most ‘something’

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61
Q

how to form the conditional (3)

A
  • take away the final E
  • replace with ending
  • for ARE verbs the A in the infinitve changes to an E
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62
Q

main irregulars in the conditional (4)

A

andare - andrei
dovere - dovrei
volere - vorrei
potere - potrei

63
Q

what are the endings for the informal imperative TU

A

ARE - A
IRE - I
ERE - I

64
Q

what are the endings for the informal imperative NOI

meaning lets do ____

65
Q

what are the endings for the informal imperative VOI

A

ARE - ATE
IRE - ITE
ERE - ETE

66
Q

congiuntivi IRE & ERE endings

A 
A
A
A
IAMO
IATE
ANO
67
Q

congiuntivi ARE endings

A 
I
I
I
IAMO
IATE
INO
68
Q

how to find the stem for irregular subjunctives

A

first person of the present indicative

69
Q

subjunctive of essere

A 
sia
sia
sia
siamo
siate
siano
70
Q

subjunctive of avere

A 
abbia
abbia
abbia
abbiamo
abbiate
abbiano
71
Q

5 subjunctive trigger phrases

A
  • immagino che
  • ho l’impressione che
  • credo che
  • dubito che
  • penso che
72
Q

subjunctive: emotion trigger phrases

4

A
  • sono contento che
  • preferisco che
  • spero che
  • ho paura che
73
Q

subjunctive: command trigger phrases

4

A
  • desidero che
  • voglio che
  • chiedo che
  • esigo che
74
Q

subjunctive: impersonal form trigger phrases

3

A
  • è bisogna che
  • è importante che
  • è necessario che
75
Q

imperfect subjunctive (congiuntivo imperfetto) endings

A 
SSI
SSI
SSE
SSIMO
STE
SSERO
76
Q

when to use the imperfect subjunctive

A

when the main clause is in the past or conditional

77
Q

subjunctive: what happens if the main and subordinate clause have the same subject

A
  • cannot use the subjunctive

- the infinitive must be used instead

78
Q

how is the passato congiuntivo formed

A

subjunctive (present) + past participle

– abbia temuto

79
Q

what to use the passato congiuntivo with

A

the present

present + CHE + passato congiuntivo

80
Q

what are the pronomi dopi

A 
me
te
glie
ce
ve
glie
81
Q

pronomi dopi - pronoun order

A

indirect + direct pronoun

82
Q

what happens when the indirect pronoun GLI goes next to the direct pronoun LA

A
  • GLI + LA – need an E in between

= gliela

83
Q

where is the pronoun with an infinite verb

A
  • at the end of it

- unless its a model verb, in which case it can go in front or at the end

84
Q

how to form the past conditional

A

conditional + past participle

85
Q

past conditional rule with modal verbs

A

the verb which comes after the modal verb chooses the auxilary
–> non avrei devuto inviare

86
Q

imperatives and pronouns

A

they join the end of the conjugated verb

– daglielo!

87
Q

how to form an adverb

A

take the feminine adjective and add MENTE

- if the adjective ends in LE/RE, drop the last vowel and add MENTE

88
Q

where do adverbs go?

A
  • before the verb
  • in between the auxiliary and the pas participle in the passato prossimo
  • comes before an adjective
89
Q

how to work out if molto, poco, tanto and troppo are adverbs or adjectives

A
  • if they qualify a noun they are adjectives

- if they qualify another adverb, verb or adjective, they are adverbs

90
Q

how to form the trapassato

A

essere/avere in the imperfect + past participle

91
Q

when to use the trapassato

2

A
  • to talk about something you ‘have done’

- to talk about an event in the past before another event in the past

92
Q

bello (adjective ) rules for masculine

A

singluar: bel, bello (s+consonant etc) , bell’ (vowel)
plural: bei, begli (s+consonant etc) begli (vowel)

93
Q

bello (adj) rules for feminine

A

singular: bella (consonant) bell’ (vowel)
plural: belle (both)

94
Q

grande (adjective) rules

A

same for masc and fem
singular : gran, grande (s+cons) gran’ (vowel
plural : grandi

95
Q

buono (adj) masculine rules

A

singular: buon (cons/vowel) buono (s+cons)

masculine : buoni

96
Q

buono (adj) feminine rules

A

singular: buona , buon’ (vowel)
plural: buone

97
Q

plural of braccio

A

le braccia

femenine

98
Q

plural of ciglio (eyelash)

A

ciglia

masculine

99
Q

plural of paio

A

paia

masculine

100
Q

what are i nomi alterati

A

nouns modified to express a particular quality

created by taking the root of the noun and adding a suffix

101
Q

what are articolo partitivo

partitive articles

A
  • articles used to express an unknown amount, the idea of ‘some’
102
Q

how to form gli articoli partitivi

A

di + definitive articles
feminine - della, della (plr)
masculine - (sing) del, dello, dell’ (plr) dei, degli

103
Q

how to tell the difference between articoli partitivi and i preposizione articolate

A

if the article can be replaced with ‘un po’ di’ in the singular, and ‘alcuni/alcune’ in the plural, its an articolo partitivo

104
Q

what are aggettivi indefiniti

A
  • adjectives used to indicate the quality or quantity of something/ someone
  • they are variable
  • e.g: troppo, tutto, molto, alcuno
105
Q

what is the rule with nessuno, niente and nulla?

A

when they are used after a verb, NON must be added to the sentence

106
Q

what type of word is qualche and when to use it

A
  • indefinite adjective, invariable
  • used before singular nouns only
  • plural of qualche is alunci/e
107
Q

comparativi : what happens when di is used with an noun that needs an article

A

they merge together to becomes preposizioni articolate

di + article

108
Q

uguaglianza : how to express that something is the same as something else

A

1 - tanto… quanto

2 - così …come

109
Q

how to form the superlativi relativi

A

article + noun + più/meno + adjective + di

110
Q

what are superlativo assoluto

A
  • not a comparative, means ‘really’ and ‘very’
  • take masculine plural and add ISSIMO/A/I/E at the end
    e. g. - bellissimo
111
Q

the nouns which take IN

5

A
  • palestra
  • ufficio
  • banco
  • chiesa
  • piscina
112
Q

pronouns and the imperative

A
  • informal - they attach to the end of the verb (unless negative)
  • formal - in front
113
Q

what is the formula for gli avverbi di frequenza

A

time + volte al + time frame

114
Q

example of avverbi di frequenza

A

spesso
di solito
ogni tanto

115
Q

how is an adverb formed

3

A

1 - take the feminine adjective and add MENTE
2 - if the adjective ends in E (aka no feminine) just add MENTE
3 - if the adjective ends in LE/RE take away the last ‘e’ and add MENTE

116
Q

where do adverbs go?

3

A
  • after the verb
  • in the passato prossimo it goes between the auxilary and the past participle
  • before an adverb
117
Q

what are the adverbs of
cattivo
and
buono

A

cattivo - male

buono - bene

118
Q

when to use the relative preposition CHI

A

when talking about people

invariable

119
Q

how to form the imperfect

A 
keep the a/e/i from the stem 
VO 
VI 
VA
VAMO
VATE
VANO
120
Q

imperative lei andare

121
Q

what is an indefinite pronoun

i pronomi indefiniti

A

pronoun which refers to things on general terms, they dont specify the noun they replace

122
Q

examples of pronomi indefiniti

6

A
  • alcunché (anything)
  • chiunque (anyone)
  • nulla (nothing)
  • qualcosa (something)
  • niente (nothing)
    • checché (whatever)
123
Q

past participle of nascere

A

nato

è nato

124
Q

past participle of morire

A

morto

è morto

125
Q

what are the imperative endings for LEI

A

ARE - I
ERE - A
IRE - A
same for negative just add non

126
Q

what are the main imperative tu irregulars

8

A 
avere - abbia
essere - sii
sapere - sappi
andare - va
dire - di 
dare - da
fare - fa
stare - sta
127
Q

what happens with tu imperative irrgulars when pronouns are added

A

the consonant doubles

128
Q

nessuno vs nessun

nussun’ vs nessuna

A 
same rules as un/uno
nessun --> consonants & vowels
nessuno --> s+consonant etc
nessuna --> consonants
nessun' --> vowels
129
Q

what is special about the verb giocare

A

followed by preposition

usually A

130
Q

aggettivi possessivi : when does the article come back with family members

A

when another word is added about them

LA mia sorella maggiore

131
Q

nomi alteri: suffix added for piccolo

3

A
  • INO/A
  • ETTO
  • ELLO
132
Q

nomi alteri: suffix added for grande

3

A
  • ONE
  • OZZO
  • OTTO
133
Q

nomi alteri: suffix added for dispregiativo

3

A
  • ACCIO
  • ASTRO
  • UCOLO
134
Q

nomi alteri: suffix added for vezzeggiativo

3

A
  • UZZO
  • UCCIO
  • ETTINO
135
Q

how to form i numeri ordinali

A

take the number, take away the final vowel and add

ESIMO

136
Q

passato prossimo and direct objects

A

the past participle must agree in gender and in number with the direct pronoun

137
Q

what are the indefinite adjectives

10

A
  • alcuno
  • altro
  • molto
  • poco
  • troppo
  • tutto
  • certi
  • tanti
  • diverso
  • certi
138
Q

indefinite adjectives: when to use qualche

A
  • means some
  • used for singular nouns
  • doesnt agree at all
139
Q

indefinite adjectives: when to use alcuni/e

A
  • means some

- used with plural nouns, must agree with gender

140
Q

indefinite adjectives: when to use di + article

A
  • means some

- used to talk about abstract nouns (love & time)

141
Q

how to form : il trapassato congiuntivo

A

imperfect subjunctive essere/ avere + past participle

142
Q

si clauses (periodo ipotetico) –> reality phrase

A
  • se piove, prendo l’ombrello

- se pioverà, prenderò l’ombrello

143
Q

si clauses (periodo ipotetico) –> less possible phrase

A
  • se piovesse prenderei l’ombrello
144
Q

si clauses (periodi ipotetico) –> impossible phrase

A
  • se avesse piovuto, avrei preso l’ombrello
145
Q

si clauses: tenses used in possible clauses

A

present + present
present + future
future + future

146
Q

si clauses: tenses used in less possible clauses

A

imperfect subjunctive + conditional

147
Q

si clauses: tenses used in impossible clauses

A

trapassato conjuntivo + past conditional

148
Q

personal pronouns

A 
io
tu
lui
lei
noi
voi 
loro
149
Q

preposition for Gran Bretagna

150
Q

prepositions to say

from ____ to ____

A

dal _____ al

151
Q

preposition used with years

152
Q

preposition and time

153
Q

non penso che

subjuntvie?

Italian (10 decks)

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