Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

Imperfect past -AR Verbs

A
Yo - aba
Tú - abas 
Él/Ella - aba
Nosotros - ábamos
Vosotros - abais
Ellos/ellas - aban
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2
Q

Imperfect past -IR + ER Verbs

A
Yo - ía
Tú - ías
Él/ella - ía
Nosotros - íamos
Vosotros - íais
Ellos/ellas - ían
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3
Q

What types of words take imperfect in past?

A
Location
Age
Emotional state
Weather
Habitual past action
Describing what was happening/ setting scene/description of people and places
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4
Q

Present - AR

A
Yo - o
Tú - as
El/ella - a
Nosotros - amos
Vosotros- aís
Ellos/ellas - an
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5
Q

Present - ER

A
Yo - o
Tú - es
El/ella - e
Nosotros - emos
Vosotros- eís
Ellos/ellas - en
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6
Q

Present - IR

A
Yo - o
Tú - es
El/ella - e
Nosotros - imos
Vosotros- ís
Ellos/ellas - en
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7
Q

Tener

A
Yo - tengo
Tú - tienes
El/ella - tiene
Nosotros - tenemos
Vosotros- tenéis
Ellos/ellas - tienen
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8
Q

Ser

A
Yo - soy
Tú - eres
El/ella - es
Nosotros - somos
Vosotros- sois
Ellos/ellas - son
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9
Q

Estar

A
Yo - estoy
Tú - estás 
El/ella - está
Nosotros - estamos
Vosotros- estáis 
Ellos/ellas - están
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10
Q

Present- Do you like it?

A

¿Te gusta?

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11
Q

Past - did you like it?

A

¿Te gustó?

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12
Q

Preterite tense - AR

A
Yo - é
Tú - aste 
El/ella - ó
Nosotros - amos
Vosotros- asteis 
Ellos/ellas - aron
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13
Q

Preterite - ER/IR

A
Yo - í
Tú - iste 
El/ella - ió
Nosotros - imos
Vosotros- isteis 
Ellos/ellas - ieron
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14
Q

Irregular preterite

A
SER=to be 
Yo - fui
Tú - fuiste
El/ella - fue
Nosotros - fuimos
Vosotros- fuisteis
Ellos/ellas - fueron
IR=to go
Voy - i go 
Vas - you go
Va - he/she goes
Vamos - we go
Vais - you go
Van - they go
HACER=to do/make
Yo - hice
Tú - hiciste
El/ella - hizo
Nosotros - hicimos
Vosotros- hicisteis
Ellos/ellas - hicieron
DECIR=to say
Yo - dije
Tú - dijiste
El/ella - dijo
Nosotros - dijimos
Vosotros- dijisteis
Ellos/ellas - dijeron
VER=to watch/see
Yo - vi
Tú - viste
El/ella - vio
Nosotros - vimos
Vosotros- visteis
Ellos/ellas - vieron
TRAER=to bring
Yo - traje
Tú - trajiste
El/ella - trajo
Nosotros - trajimos
Vosotros- trajisteis
Ellos/ellas - trajeron
Poner=to put
Yo - puse
Tú - pusiste
El/ella - puso
Nosotros - pusimos
Vosotros- pusisteis
Ellos/ellas - pusieron
Poder=to be able
Yo - pude
Tú - pudiste
El/ella - pudo
Nosotros - pudimos
Vosotros- pudisteis
Ellos/ellas - pudieron
Saber=to know
Yo - supe
Tú - supiste
El/ella - supo
Nosotros - supimos
Vosotros- supisteis
Ellos/ellas - supieron
Tener=to have
Yo - tuve
Tú - tuviste
El/ella - tuvo
Nosotros - tuvimos
Vosotros- tuvisteis
Ellos/ellas - tuvieron
Estar=to be
Yo - estuve
Tú - estuviste
El/ella - estuvo
Nosotros - estuvimos
Vosotros- estuvisteis
Ellos/ellas - estuvieron
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15
Q

What can happen to some words in ‘I’ form of verb

A

Spelling change

E.g. Jugar -> jugué

   Sacar -> sacué
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16
Q

Definition of preterite

A

Completed action in the past

17
Q

Definition of imperfect tense

A

Repetition of action in the past and to describe specific aspects of work experience

18
Q

Immediate future tense

A

Take present tense of verb ir + a

Yo - voy a - i am going to
Tú - vas a - you are going to
El/ella - va a - he/she is going to
Nosotros - vamos a - we are going to
Vosotros - vais a - you are going to
Ellos/ellas - van a - they are going to
19
Q

Future tense (AR/ER/IR all same)

A
Use full inf and add on ending:
Yo - é
Tú - ás
El/ella - á
Nosotros - emos
Vosotros- eis
Ellos/ellas - án

Example:
I will buy -> compraré
I will study -> estudiaré
They will go -> irán

20
Q

Irregular future

A
Decir - to say - diré
Hacer - to do/make - haré
Querer - to want - querré
Poder- to be able to - podré
Saber - to know - sabré
Tener - to have - tendré
Poner - to put - pondré
Haber - to be - habré
Stems
Hacer(har)
Tener(tendr)
Poder(podr)
Querer(querr)
Haber(habr)
Salir(saldr)
Poner(pondr)
Venir(vendr)
Decir(dir)
Saber(sabr)
Caber(cabr)
Valer(valdr)
21
Q

Irregular present (15)

A

Ir- to give:
voy, vas, va, vamos, vias, van

Dar- to give:
doy, das, da, damos, dias, dan

Estar- to be:
estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están

Poner- to put:
pongo, pones, pone, ponemos, ponéis, ponen

Hacer- to do/make:
hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen

Valer- to value/be worth
valgo, vales, vale, valemos, valéis, valen

Traer- to bring
traigo, traes, trae, traemos, traéis, traen

Salir- to leave/go out
salgo, sales, sale, salimos, salís, salen

Caer- to fall
caigo, caes, cae, cayemos, cayéis, caen

Oir- to hear
oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen

Aparecer- to appear
aparezco, apareces …

Conocer- to know
conozco, conoces …

Conducir- to drive
conduzco, conduces …

Ser- to be
soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son

Saber- to know(fact)
sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben

22
Q

First class stem changing verbs e-ie (exception=nosotros + vosotros). (10)

A
Cerrar - to close
Comenzar - to begin
Despertar - to awaken
Defender - to defend
Empezar - to begin
Entender - to understand
Negar - to deny
Pensar - to think
Perder - to lose
Querer - to want
E.g. Cerrar
Yo - cierro
Tú - cierras
El/ella - cierra
Nosotros - cerramos
Vosotros- cerráis 
Ellos/ellas - cierran
23
Q

First class stem changing verbs o-ue (11)

A
Acordar - to remember 
Recordar - to record
Almorzar - to have lunch
Contar - to count/tell
Probar - to try
Mostrar - to show
Encontrar - to find
Devolver - to return/send back
Volver - to return
Poder- to be able to 
Mover - to move
E.g. Acordar
Yo - acuerdo
Tú - acuerdas
El/ella - acuerda
Nosotros - acordamos
Vosotros- acordáis 
Ellos/ellas - acuerdan
24
Q

Jugar stem change

A

U-ue

Juego …

25
2nd class stem change verbs e-ie. (4)
Stem changes in more than one tense. Sentir - to feel/regret Preferir - to prefer Mentir - to lie Sugerir - to suggest
26
2nd class stem change verbs o-ue. (2)
Dormir - to sleep | Morir - to die
27
3rd class stem change verbs e-i. (9)
Change in stem of infinitive ``` Despedir - to dismiss/fire Freir - to fry Impedir - to impede/block Repetir - to repeat Reír - to laugh Reñir - to argue Servir - to serve Pedir - to ask for Sonreír - to smile ``` ``` E.g. Reír- to laugh Yo - río Tú - ríes El/ella - ríe Nosotros - reímos Vosotros- reís Ellos/ellas - ríen ```
28
Imperfect irregular
Ir- to go ``` Yo - iba Tú - ibas El/ella - iba Nosotros - ibamos Vosotros- ibais Ellos/ellas - iban ``` Ser- to be ``` Yo - era Tú - eras El/ella - era Nosotros - eramos Vosotros- erais Ellos/ellas - eran ``` Ver- to see/watch ``` Yo - veía Tú - veías El/ella - veía Nosotros - veíamos Vosotros- veíais Ellos/ellas - veían ```
29
Gustar
``` Yo - me gusta Tú - tu gusta El/ella - le gusta Nosotros - nos gusta Vosotros- os gusta Ellos/ellas - les gusta ``` gustA + singular noun/verb gustAN + plural noun/verb
31
Reflexive (present tense)
Verb where subject does an action to themself LEVANTARSE ~ to get (oneself) up ``` Me levanto Te levantas Se levanta Nos levantamos Os levantáis Se levantan ^ \ Reflexive. Present tense endings Pronoun ```
32
Reflexive verb stem change e-ie
Actual endings stay the same as regular verbs, only the middle changes DESPERTARSE ``` Me despierto Te despiertas Se despierta Nos despertamos Os despertáis Se despiertan ```
33
Perfect tense (I have seen, she has lost) 3 step process to form perfect tense
1. Find correct form of HABER for "have" ``` Yo - he Tú - has El/ella - ha Nosotros - hemos Vosotros- habéis Ellos/ellas - han ``` 2. Find inf of verb that has been done e.g. "Spoken"- to speak- hablar 3. Turn into past participle •take off 2 letter ending •for -AR add 'ado' for -ER/IR add 'ido' E.g. "Eaten" -eat -comer Com- Comido "Lived" -to live -vivir Viv- Vivido ``` E.g. AR HABLAR Yo - he hablado Tú - has hablado El/ella - ha hablado Nosotros - hemos hablado Vosotros- habéis hablado Ellos/ellas - han hablado ``` (Ya hemos hablado - we've already spoken)
34
Irregular past participle
``` Abrir -abierto(opened) Decir-dicho(said) Describir-describierto(described) Descubrir-descubierto(discovered) Escribir-escrito(written) Hacer-hecho(made/done) Morir-muerto(died) Poner-puesto(put) Romper-roto(broken) Ver-visto(seen) Volver-vuelto(returned) ``` •to make negative add "no" in front of "haber" part (haber+past participle never get separated) •for reflexive add reflexive pronoun in front of "haber" part e.g.Se ha despertado-he has woken up
35
Present continuous
What you are doing right now (e.g. I am writing) Use present tense of estar with the gerund ``` AR verb HABLAR -> hablando Estoy hablando - i am speaking Estás hablando - you are speaking Está hablando - he/she is speaking ``` ER/IR verb Comer -> comiendo Vivir -> viviendo
36
Future conditional | I would...
``` Take inf and add ending as follows: Yo - ía Tú - ías El/ella - ía Nosotros - íamos Vosotros- íais Ellos/ellas - ían ```
37
Irregular conditional
Endings stay the same only stem changes: * caber~ to fit~ cabr- * decir~ to say~ dir- * haber~ to have~ habr- * hacer~ to do/make~ har- * poder~ to be able~ podr- * poner~ to put~ pondr- * querer~ to want~ querr- * saber~ to know~ sabr- * salir~ to leave/go out~ saldr- * tener~ to have~ tendr- * valer~ to be worth~ valdr- * venir~ to come~ vendr-
38
Estar + ser
``` Ser used for: •nationality ~es escocesa •occupation~son médicos •colour ~ es verde •size ~ es muy grande •character ~ es muy amable •possessions ~ es la casa de Juanes •time ~ son las nueve ``` Estar used for: •location/position ~ está en Inglaterra •temporary state* ~ está muy alegre *(mood, health etc)
39
Direct object pronouns
``` Exclusively people: Me = I Te = you(s) Nos = we Os = you(pl) ``` People and things: Lo/la = he/she/it Los/las = they Pronouns replace things or people that are direct objects: •yo como los tomates-i eat tomatoes = yo los como ~ i eat them ALL OBJECT PRONOUNS ARE PLACED EITHER BEFORE A CONJUGATED VERB(except for affirmative command forms) Oscar LA ayuda= Oscar, ayudarLA ``` OR AFTER AN INFINITIVE OR GERUND(present participle) Oscar LA va a ayudar =oscar va a ayudarLA Oscar LA está ayudando =oscar está ayudandoLA ```
40
Por and para
Para usually used for: •Destination •limitation •purpose ``` Por has meaning of: •In behalf of •in favour of •instead of •through •along ```