Grammar 3 Flashcards
Past participle acts as an adjective describing a noun
Past participle only
When the description is brief
A past participle (obtained, written, created, etc.) can act as an adjective to directly describe a noun.
No additional words like “that” are needed because the participle itself provides enough information.
Examples:
Water obtained from the well is clean.
(obtained directly describes water.)
The books written by her are popular.
(written describes books.)
Key Point: These are not full clauses. They are concise phrases with the participle acting as a modifier.
Relative pronoun + subject + verb
A relative clause provides the clause essential details
The clause has its own subject and verb.
Examples:
Water that was obtained from the well is clean.
(that was obtained is a relative clause, with was as the verb and “that” as the pronoun.)
The books that were written by her are popular.
(that were written is a relative clause.)
Key Point: Relative clauses are full clauses and are used when more detail or clarity is needed.
Infinitive phrase (to + verb)
to express purpose or intention.
Example: To succeed, students must study.
No, not, nor, none
No
Use no before a noun to show the absence of something.
Example: There are no apples left.
Rule: No replaces not any.
Nor
Use nor to continue a negative statement (often after neither).
Example: She didn’t call, nor did she text.
Rule: Nor introduces a second negative idea.
Not
Use not to make a verb, adjective, or adverb negative.
Example: She is not happy.
Rule: Not works with verbs and does not come before a noun without an article (a, an, the).
None” is a pronoun that means not one, not any, or no part of something. It can refer to people, things, or amounts and is used to indicate the absence of something.
Although
Use although to introduce a contrast where both clauses are complete sentences.
Use despite or in spite of only before a noun or gerund (-ing verb).
Example: Although it rained, we went outside. vs. Despite the rain, we went outside.
Subject Clause
sually starts with that or the fact that. It explains or describes an idea, action, or statement.
Use that to introduce simple subject clauses:
That it rained made the roads slippery.
Use the fact that for more emphasis or formal writing:
The fact that it rained made the roads slippery.
Conditional Sentences
Type 1: Real (present or future)
If + present simple, will + base verb.
Example: If it rains, we will stay home.
Type 2: Unreal (present or future)
If + past simple, would + base verb.
Example: If I were rich, I would travel the world.
Type 3: Unreal (past)
If + past perfect, would have + past participle.
Example: If she had studied, she would have passed.
