Grammar

Question 1

Present simple (1 verb)

Answer 1

Ex. Goes, make, makes, works.
Is used:
1. routine actions or habits.
2. repeated events.
3. permanent situation.
4. always true, definite fact.

Question 2

Present continuous (2 verbs)

Answer 2

Ex. am using, is helping, are baking.
Is used:
1. action happening now.
2. temporary situation.
3. changes, developing situations.
4. with always/forever to express irritation (he is always annoying me)

Question 3

Present perfect (2 verbs)

Answer 3

Ex. Have lost, has seen, has read.
Is used:
1. present result of past action/event.
2. past event/action has continued to the present.
3. event/action that happened at an unspecified time to now.
4. focus on the number of times an action has repeated.

Question 4

Present perfect continuous (3 verbs)

Answer 4

Ex. has been reading, have been cooking.
Is used:
Started an action in the past which has continued to the present and is ongoing.

Question 5

Past simple (1 verb)

Answer 5

Ex. watched, saw, bought, gave, walked.
Is used:
Past events, actions or habits.

Question 6

Past continuous (2 verbs)

Answer 6

Ex. were falling, was eating, was making.
Is used:
1. Continued action which was happening when another action took place.
2. Two actions happening at the same time in the past.

Question 7

Past perfect (2 verbs)

Answer 7

Ex. had seen, had eaten, had given
Is used:
When an action happened earlier than another past action.

Question 8

Past perfect continuous (3 verbs)

Answer 8

Ex. had been losing, had been making, had been walking.
Is used:
1. action that happened during a period leading up to another past action.
2. how long an action continued until a certain point in the past.

Question 9

Present participle active (-ing)

Answer 9

statement where the subject is omitted because it’s the same as the main clause.
Ex. Realising the mountain top was covered in mist, we decided to turn back.
Jimmy screamed out loud in frustration, not beeing able to solve his homework.
The player hurt himself (while) playing football.

Question 10

Reported speech, backshifting

Answer 10

Present simple –> Past simple (is –> was)
Present continuous –> Past continuous (is verb-ing –> was verb-ing)
Present perfect –> Past perfect (has become –> had become)
Present perfect continuous –> Past perfect cont. (have been verb-ing –> had been verb-ing)
Past simple –> Past perfect (went –> had been)
Can –> Could. Will –> Would. Must –> Had to.
No backshifting when reporting verb is in present tense, still true, when could, should, would etc. are reported.

Question 11

Active voice

Answer 11

Subject - Verb - Object
Jim - Drinks - Whisky
Jim - Will drink - Whisky

Question 12

Passive voice

Answer 12

Doesn’t reveal de subject, the doer. O - V
Whisky - is drunk.
Whisky - will be drunk.

Question 13

Conditional forms

Answer 13

[IF]. Main clause + if clause
Used for:
0. timeless, general truth (If water is boiled, it turns into steam)
1. possibility in present or future. simple present + simple future.
2. hypthetical, unlikely, impossible, not true in present or future. simple past + present + present cont.
3. hypothetical, not true in the past. past perfect + perfect.
Mixed

Question 14

1. Verbs followed by the infinitive and/or -ing

Answer 14

1. V + to +- infinitive: afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, dare, decide, expect, fail, hope, learn, need, want… (verb+to+ask)

Question 15

2. verbs followed by infinitive and/or -ing

Answer 15

2. V + O + to + infinitive: advise, allow, ask, enable encourage, expect, force, invite; need, remind, want, would like, persuade.

Question 16

3. verbs followed by infinitive and/or -ing

Answer 16

3. V + O + infinitive (no to): make, let.

Question 17

4. verbs followed by infinitive and/or -ing

Answer 17

4. V + ing: admit, avoid, bother, can’t bear, can’t stand, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, hate, imagine, involve, keep, miss, mind, suggest.

Question 18

5. verbs followed by infinitive and/or -ing

Answer 18

5. V + preposition + verb-ing: break off, carry on, get round, give up, insist on, look forward to, take on, think about.

Question 19

6. verbs followed by infinitive and/or -ing

Answer 19

6. V + O + verb-ing relating to the senses, eg. feel, hear, see, smell, watch.

Question 20

7. verbs followed by infinitive and/or -ing

Answer 20

7. V + to infinitive or V + V-ing, with the same meaning: begin, bother, can’t bear, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, start.

Question 21

8. verbs followed by infinitive and/or -ing

Answer 21

8. V + to + infinitive or V + V-ing, with different meanings: forget, go on, mean, regret, remember, stop, try.
   Ex. forgot to see and forget seeing.

Question 22

1. Inversion of subject and verb

Answer 22

1. emphasise an often negative adverbial phrase: only, no sooner, not once, never, rarely, seldom, scarcely, hardly, little, few, under no circumstances.
   Ex. The drought is not only severe, it is also unexpected –> Not only is the drought severe, it is also unexpected.

Question 23

2. Inversion of subject and verb

Answer 23

2. emphasise degree: much, so, such, many, more, most, little.
   Ex. Little did he realise…

Question 24

3. Inversion of subject and verb

Answer 24

3. second and third conditionals, placing were, had or should before subject.
   Ex. Had any photographers been present…

Question 25

4. Inversion of subject and verb

Answer 25

4. adverbs of time or place at the beginning of the sentence; here, there, out, in, then, now…
   Ex. Here comes an elephant.

Question 26

Relative clause

Answer 26

Who (People)
Which (Things)
That (People & Things)
When (Time)
Where (Place)
Whose (possesion, usually by people)
Whom (people, formal)