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Spanish Vocab & Grammar > Grammar > Flashcards

Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

Oxford comma in Spanish?

A

No

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2
Q

Y -> e

A

When followed by a word that starts with i or hi

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3
Q

o -> u

A

When followed by a word that starts o or ho

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4
Q

Introducing quotations

A

Use a colon

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5
Q

Los venezolanos o los Venezolanos

A

Los venezolanos (lower case)

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6
Q

Capitalize days of the week or months of the year?

A

No!

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7
Q

Capitalize cardinal directions?

A

Only if referring to the cardinal point itself. I.e. the South, but south

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8
Q

Nine uses of present tense

A

1) describe action happening now
2) express actions that occur regularly (even if not right this second)
3) describe events in near future (this summer I will travel; este verano, viajo)
4) to ask questions, especially about preferences
5) universal truths
6) historical present - making past event more vivid
7) hypothetical actions, introduced by si
8) refer to consequences of past events with casi or por poco
9) use “hace que” to express actions that began in past and continue to present (also verb + hace + time; verb + desde hace + time)

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9
Q

Caber, first person present

A

Quepo

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10
Q

Irregular verbs, first person present: -cer and -cir

A

-zco

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11
Q

First person present, -ger or -gir

A

Change g to j (first person singular only)

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12
Q

What is the first person present form of -guir?

A

-guir changes to -g (distinguir -> distingo)

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13
Q

What is the first person present form of -guir verbs?

A

-guir changes to -g (e.g., distinguir -> distingo)

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14
Q

Present singular: -cer and -cir

A

Change c to z (convencer -> convenzo)

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15
Q

Stem change present: e -> ie

A

Pensar, querer, preferir, atravesar, cerrar, comenzar, ascender, defender, descender, advertir, convertir, divertir, etc

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16
Q

Present stem change: o -> ue

A

Examples: contar -> cuento, poder -> puedo, dormir -> duermo

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17
Q

Conjugate oler

A

Huelo Olemos
Hueles Oléis
Huele Huelen

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18
Q

Present tense : stem change e->i

A

Examples: pedir -> pido

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19
Q

Conjugate seguir

A

Sigo Seguimos
Sigues Seguís
Sigue Siguen

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20
Q

Present tense: verbs ending -uir (not -guir)

A

Put y after u, except nos/vos

Concluyo
Concluyes
Concluye etc

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21
Q

Conjugate oir in present

A

Oigo Oímos
Oyes Oís
Oye Oyen

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22
Q

9 Common Masculine noun endings

A

O, -al, -el, -ía, -ma, -ambre, -aje, -or, -án

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23
Q

When is an -o noun feminine?

A

When it’s a Mano or an abbreviation (La moto or La foto)

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24
Q

9 common Feminine noun endings

A

-a, -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad, -ie, -itis, -tud, -umbre

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25
Q

Feminine nouns that start with el?

A

When the noun begins with stressed a, like agua or águila

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26
Q

Gender of days of the week? Months of the year?

A

Masculine

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27
Q

Gender of colors?

A

Masculine

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28
Q

Gender of infinitives (when used as nouns)?

A

Masculine

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29
Q

When do singular nouns lose an accent when they become plural?

A

When the singular noun has an accent on the last syllable? El león -> Los leones

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30
Q

Do weights and measures take the definite or indefinite article?

A

Direct. La docena, La Libra

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31
Q

How to refer to multiple members of a family?

A

Los LaGrone

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32
Q

Do nouns designating a non specific amount receive an indefinite article?

A

No. Do you put any tomato in the soup = pones tomate en la sopa

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33
Q

5 Words that are not followed by indefinite article

A

Cierto, medio, otro, qué, tal

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34
Q

17 reflexive verbs

A
  1. Aburrir
  2. Agradar
  3. Anguistar
  4. Apasionar
  5. Bastar
  6. Disgustar
  7. Doler
  8. Encantar
  9. Faltar
  10. Fascinar
  11. Importar
  12. Interesar
  13. Molestar
  14. Preocupar
  15. Quedar
  16. Sobrar
  17. Tocar
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35
Q

Ser o estar: occupation or profession

A

Ser

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36
Q

Ser or estar: nationality, moral attributes, religion

A

Ser

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37
Q

Ser or estar: physical or personality characteristics

A

Ser

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38
Q

Ser or estar: relationships

A

Ser

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39
Q

Ser or estar: time

A

Ser

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40
Q

Ser or estar: place and date of an event

A

Ser

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41
Q

Ser or estar: origin, possession, and materials objects are made of

A

Ser (with de)

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42
Q

Ser or estar: quantity and price

A

Ser

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43
Q

Passive voice construction

A

Ser + participle + (por)

Los playas son admiradas por los turistas

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44
Q

Ser or estar: location

A

Estar

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45
Q

Ser or estar: temporary physical conditions

A

Estar

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46
Q

Ser or estar: moods

A

Estar

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47
Q

Ser or estar: new temporary condition

A

Estar, with de

Luisa es engineer pero ahora está de camarera.

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48
Q

Ser aburrido/estar aburrido

A

To be boring/to be bored

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49
Q

Ser bueno/estar bueno

A

To be good/to be fine or tasty

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50
Q

Ser listo/estar listo

A

To be clever/to be ready

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51
Q

Ser malo/estar malo

A

To be bad/to be ill

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52
Q

Ser orgulloso/estar orgulloso

A

To be conceited or vain/to
Be proud

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53
Q

Ser rico/estar rico

A

To be rich/to be tasty

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54
Q

Ser seguro/estar seguro

A

To be safe/to be sure

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55
Q

Ser vivo/estar vivo

A

To be sharp/to be alive

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56
Q

It is May 4

A

Estamos a cuatro de mayo

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57
Q

To be just about to

A

Estar a punto de + infinitive

Estar para + infinitive

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58
Q

Estar por + infinitive

A

To be in favor of

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59
Q

Estar conforme con

A

To agree, to be in agreement with

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60
Q

Estar de vacaciones

A

To be on vacation

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61
Q

Most confusing use of ser

A

Where an event takes place

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62
Q

Use of progressive tense

A

Estar + participle

Expresses immediacy if ongoing action with some urgency

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63
Q

What is the past participle of ‘abrir’?

A

abierto

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64
Q

What is the past participle of ‘absolver’?

A

absuelto

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65
Q

What is the past participle of ‘cubrir’?

A

cubierto

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66
Q

What is the past participle of ‘decir’?

A

dicho

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67
Q

What is the past participle of ‘escribir’?

A

escrito

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68
Q

What is the past participle of ‘hacer’?

A

hecho

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69
Q

What is the past participle of ‘morir’?

A

muerto

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70
Q

What is the past participle of ‘poner’?

A

puesto

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71
Q

What is the past participle of ‘romper’?

A

roto

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72
Q

What is the past participle of ‘ver’?

A

visto

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73
Q

What is the past participle of ‘volver’?

A

vuelto

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74
Q

Form past participle/passive participle

A

-ado or -ido (hablado, comido, vivido)

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75
Q

What’s the adjectival participle of bendecir?

A

Bendito

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76
Q

What’s the adjectival participle of convertir?

A

Converso

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77
Q

What’s the adjectival participle of elegir?

A

Electo

78
Q

What’s the adjectival participle of expresar?

A

Expreso

79
Q

What’s the adjectival participle of freír?

A

Frito

80
Q

What’s the adjectival participle of reducir?

A

Reducto

81
Q

What’s the adjectival participle of suspender?

A

Suspenso

82
Q

Ser or estar: surprise at an unexpected observation

A

Estar

83
Q

Estar: pretérito or imperfecto

A

Imperfect, unless a specific time frame is mentioned

84
Q

Conocer: preterir

A

To meet

85
Q

Saber - pretérito

A

To find out

86
Q

Saber + a

A

To taste like

87
Q

Saber + infinitive

A

To know how to do something (comó not used)

88
Q

Criar vs crecer

A

Criar: to be raised
Crecer: to grow in stature

89
Q

Dejar + infinitive

A

To allow to do something

90
Q

Dejar de + infinitive

A

To quit

91
Q

Dejar caer

A

To drop (to let fall)

92
Q

Moverse vs mudarse

A

Moverse - move an object
Mudar - change clothes, opinion, house (with de)

93
Q

Difference between esperar que and esperar + infinitive

A

Esperar que = hope that something happens and uses subjunctive

Esperar + infinitive = hope to do something yourself

Also querer, preferir, necesitar, gustar, etc

94
Q

Ya sea

A

Whether, whatever, whenever, whoever, however

95
Q

Before/after noun: antiguo

A

Former/ancient

96
Q

Before/after noun: cierto

A

Certain / sure

97
Q

Before/after noun: grande

A

Great / large

98
Q

Before/after noun: único

A

Only / unique

99
Q

Make a verb an adjective

A

Use the past participle
-ado or -ido

100
Q

Make an adjective an adverb (usually)

A

Add +mente

101
Q

Comparative degree

A

Más ____ que

102
Q

Comparison of equality

A

Tan(tos) ____ como

103
Q

Superlative degree

A

El/la + más + (adjective) + de

104
Q

Absolute superlative

A

-isimo

105
Q

Más de or más que (with numbers)

A

Usually más de (also menos)

106
Q

“Do something again”

A

Volver a + verb

107
Q

Pretérito stem changes

A

1) -car: c -> qu
2) -gar: g-> gu
3) -zar: z-> c

108
Q

Preterite: stem changes

A

-ar stem change verbs don’t stem change
-ir: change e > i and o > u in third person singular and plural

109
Q

Irregular Preterite verbs with -uv in the steam

A

Estar, andar, tener

110
Q

Irregular pretérito verbs with u in the stem

A

Caber, haber, poder, poner, saber

111
Q

Irregular Preterite verbs with i in the stem

A

Hacer, querer, venir

112
Q

Irregular Preterite verbs with j in the stem

A

Atraer, decir, producir, traer, traducir

113
Q

Present participle with stems ending in vowels

A

-yendo (leyendo o construyendo)

114
Q

Present participle stem changes

A

1) some -ir verbs change o -> u
2) some -ir verbs change e-> i

115
Q

Present participle: ir

A

Yendo

116
Q

Present participle: poder

A

Pudiendo

117
Q

Progressive tense with verbs of motion

A

Example: seguir + progressive or andar + progressive

Emphasize that action is continuing, repeating, or unfinished

Use in any tense

118
Q

Use of imperfect tense (5 uses)

A

1) habitual/customary action
2) a situation in progress in the past
3) descriptions of people/things/events in the past
4) time of day, day of week, date, or age in past
5) state of mind or physical sensation in the past

119
Q

Reflexive pronouns

A

Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se

120
Q

Acordarse __

A

De

121
Q

Fijarse ___

A

En

122
Q

Negarse __

A

A

123
Q

When is se used as an indirect object pronoun?

A

When there’s a direct object pronoun and the indirect object is third person (or usted/uds)

124
Q

Direct object pronouns

A

Me Nos
Te Os
Lo/La Los/Las

125
Q

Indirect object pronouns

A

Me Nos
Te Os
Le Les

126
Q

Prepositional pronouns

A

Mí Nosotros
Tí Vosotros
Él/ella Ellos/ellas

127
Q

Regular affirmative tú command

A

Use third person singular indicative present

128
Q

Regular negative tu commands

A

No + subjunctive 2nd person present

129
Q

What is the affirmative tú command for ‘decir’?

A

di

130
Q

What is the affirmative tú command for ‘hacer’?

A

haz

131
Q

What is the affirmative tú command for ‘ir’?

A

ve

132
Q

What is the affirmative tú command for ‘poner’?

A

pon

133
Q

What is the affirmative tú command for ‘salir’?

A

sal

134
Q

What is the affirmative tú command for ‘ser’?

A

sé

135
Q

What is the affirmative tú command for ‘tener’?

A

ten

136
Q

What is the affirmative tú command for ‘venir’?

A

ven

137
Q

What is the negative tú command for ‘decir’?

A

no digas

138
Q

What is the negative tú command for ‘hacer’?

A

no hagas

139
Q

What is the negative tú command for ‘ir’?

A

no vayas

140
Q

What is the negative tú command for ‘poner’?

A

no pongas

141
Q

What is the negative tú command for ‘salir’?

A

no salgas

142
Q

What is the negative tú command for ‘ser’?

A

no seas

143
Q

What is the negative tú command for ‘tener’?

A

no tengas

144
Q

What is the negative tú command for ‘venir’?

A

no vengas

145
Q

Regular usted commands (both positive and negative)

A

Subjunctive third person singular

146
Q

Formal usted command - saber

A

Sepa

147
Q

Formal usted command - ser

A

Sea

148
Q

Formal usted command - ir

A

Vaya

149
Q

Ustedes commands

A

Add -n to usted command

150
Q

Affirmative vosotros commands (non-reflective)

A

Replace -r with -d in infinitive

151
Q

Affirmative vosotros commands (reflexive)

A

Replace -r of infinitive with reflexive vosotros pronoun (-os)

152
Q

Negative vosotros commands

A

Replace infinitive with
-éis (-ar verbs)
-áis (-er/-ir verbs)

153
Q

Three irregular vosotros negative commands

A

Saber: sepaís
Ser: seaís
Ir: Vayaís

154
Q

Direct and indirect object pronouns & commands

A

Affirmative: Attached to end
Negative: proceed verb

155
Q

Commands with both indirect and direct object

A

Affirmative: verb + indirect + direct
Negative: no + indirect + direct + verb

156
Q

Pronoun location: estar + gerund

A

Either before or after
Juan me lo estaba vendiendo
Juan estaba vendiéndomelo

157
Q

Pronoun location: single conjugated verb

A

Before the verb

158
Q

Pronoun location: verb + infinitive

A

Either before or after
Juan me lo quiería vender
Juan quería vendérmelo

159
Q

Pronoun location: affirmative commands

A

Attached to the command

160
Q

Alternative command with nosotros

A

Use the nosotros subjunctive form (“let us…”)

161
Q

Word order of imperative sentences

A

Verb + direct object + indirect object

If attaching pronouns: verb + indirect pronoun + direct pronoun

162
Q

Accents on commands with pronouns

A

One pronoun: three vowels back
Two pronouns: four vowels back

163
Q

Can you use indirect pronoun and indirect noun in the same sentence?

A

Yes, especially for third person

164
Q

When to use neuter pronouns?

A

References to speech in present or past (do you hear that? I didn’t understand that.)

165
Q

Five neuter pronouns

A

Aquello, ello, esto, eso, lo

166
Q

Lo + adjective

A

Abstract, singular person

167
Q

Limiting adjectives

A

Adjectives of number and quantity

They proceed the verb

168
Q

Descriptive adjective before noun?

A

If it underscores or contains innate quality of noun

169
Q

Before / after: antiguo

A

Former / old

170
Q

Before / after: cierto

A

Certain / sure

171
Q

Gran(de): before / after

A

Great / big

172
Q

Mismo: before/after

A

Same / himself

173
Q

Pobre: before /after

A

Unlucky / poor

174
Q

Personal a

A

Before direct object when it’s a specific person

175
Q

Exception to personal a

A

After tener

176
Q

Express willingness

A

Querer + infinitive
Queremos ayudar : we will help

177
Q

Future tense w/ shortened stems

A

Caber: cabr
Haber: habr
Poder: podr
Querer: querr
Saber: sabr

178
Q

Future tense stems: replace verb with d

A

Poner: pondr
Salir: saldr
Tener: tendr
Valer: valdr
Venir: vendr

179
Q

Most stem changed future tense

A

Decir: dir-
Hacer: hir-

180
Q

Second use of future tense

A

Express wonder or probability

181
Q

Personal a before alguien o nadie?

A

Yes!

182
Q

Prepositions before infinitives to make present participles (9)

A

Al
Antes de
Con
De
Después de
En lugar de
En vez de
Hasta
Sin

183
Q

Uses of para

A

Purpose
Comparison
Deadlines
Destination

184
Q

Uses of por (10)

A

Exchange
Moving through
Duration of time
Expresiones of time (por la tarde)
Movement (by train)
Reason
Passive voice - introduce actor
“Per”
“For” with enviar, preguntar, venir, regresar, volver
Estar por = about to do something

185
Q

Conditional tense irregulars

A

Same as future tense

186
Q

How to express future action from perspective of the past

A

Use the conditional

187
Q

Word order of question with compound verb

A

Subject comes after the verbs

188
Q

Object pronouns and present perfect - before or after?

A

Before

189
Q

Use of past perfect tense

A

To refer to an action that occurred before another action or condition

190
Q

How to form passive voice?

A

Ser + past participle + por + agent

191
Q

Second way to form passive

A

Reflexive noun with impersonal se

Spanish Vocab & Grammar (6 decks)

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