Grammar Flashcards
1
Q
7 rules of past progressive
A
- Describes actions or processes
- Shows how events are sequenced
- Talks about an event that continues over some time in the past
- Talks about an action in progress that was interrupted by another action
- Describes the background in a narrative
- Describes change of growth
- Can add adverbs to give more detail
“was cycling” “was already cycling”
2
Q
Difference between tense and aspect
A
- Tense tells us whether if an event happened in the present or the past
- Aspect tells us whether if it is completed or still happening
3
Q
Definition of relative clauses
A
- Critical to the plot, offer important details to help understand
“He was the one who stole my bag”
4
Q
Definition of post modifiers
A
- Comes after the head noun
- Provides more information about people, places, things
“That is the chemical that helps us sleep well”
5
Q
Purpose of relative clauses as post modifiers
A
- Develop more detailed and specific descriptions
6
Q
Purpose of restrictive relative clauses
A
- Helps audience identify a particular place, person, thing
- Answers the question directly
- No punctuation needed
“The students who are wearing glasses are over there”
7
Q
Purpose of non-restrictive relative clauses
A
- Does not help audience to identify a particular place, person or thing
- Provides additional information
- Uses commas
“Jake, who Peralta is very close to, is drinking coffee”
8
Q
Purpose of varied sentence structures and sentence lengths for effect
A
- Conveys different ideas, including tone and atmosphere
- Prevents writer from sounding monotonous
9
Q
Formation of simple sentences
A
- Subject, verb, sometimes object or adverbial
10
Q
Formation of compound sentences
A
- Linking two or more simple sentences using coordinating conjunctions
- Add a comma before coordinating conjunctions to break up long lines and obtain clarity
- Use colon / semi-colon to form compound sentences
11
Q
Formation of complex sentences
A
- Main clause and subordinate clause to express a complete thought
- Linked by subordinating conjunctions to express the complex relationship between the ideas
12
Q
Production of 1 short sentence after a series of longer sentences
A
- Produce emphasis
- Curt, unhappy tone
13
Q
Production of series of short sentences
A
- Heighten suspense
14
Q
Production of a long, complex sentence
A
- Express an insightful argument
15
Q
Production of long sentences
A
- Produce a dreamy, leisurely atmosphere
16
Q
Production of a long sentence with a continuous series of phrases and clauses
A
- Convey a reflective moment
- Unbroken chain of thought
17
Q
5 functions of past perfect
A
- For reported speech when the speaker is referring to the past
- For unreal or imaginary events
- Can combine past perfect, simple past and past progressive to create more complex sequence of events
- Shows how events are sequenced
- Talk about an action that is completed in the past
18
Q
Purpose of non-finite clauses as post modifiers
A
- Non-finite clauses do not show tense, which means we are not told when something happens
- Makes description in narratives more informative and interesting by giving audience more details
19
Q
Purpose of to-infinitive clauses
A
- Uses ‘to’ and the basic form of a verb
- Simple present tense should follow the ‘to’
20
Q
Purpose of participle clauses
A
- Clauses that either use present participle or past participle
- Serve as an adverbial of reason
- Past participle should follow after ‘having’ is used ( ‘Having eaten’ )
21
Q
Why we should place modifiers right next to what they are describing
A
- If there is too much distance, could result in a misplaced modifier
- Meaning of sentence can become awkward, illogical or confusing
22
Q
6 purposes of connectors of sequence
A
- Can use range of connectors of sequence to build a complex sentence
- Helpful to sequence multiple actions, events or ideas
- Tell us the order in which actions or events occur
- Used between sentences and paragraphs
- Can be adverbials of time
- Can appear at any part of the sentence
23
Q
Purpose and functions of coordinating conjunctions
A
- Connect words, phrases, main clauses
- Place conjunctions between parts they connect
- Parts with words and phrases do not need conjunctions (persuasive yet flawed)
- Parts with clauses need a comma before conjunction (I like this singer, but everyone else does not)
24
Q
Purpose and functions of subordinating conjunctions
A
- Connect a main clause and a subordinate clause
- If SC put at front, (,) at end of clause, if put in the middle, (,) before SC or no punctuation
(While) I believed it(,) he did not
I believed it(,) (however) he did not
I believed it (however) he did not
25
Purpose and functions of conjunctive adverbs
- Connect clauses, sentences, sentence groups, paragraphs
If connect two main clauses:
- place (;) before CA and (,) after
I like that movie(;) on the other hand(,) I do not like that actor.
If connect two sentences:
- (.) before CA and (,) after
- (,) before and after CA
- Place (.) After CA
I like that movie(.) In contrast(,) I do not like that actor.
I like that movie(,) in contrast(,) I do not like that actor,
I like that movie. I do not like that actor(,) in contrast(.)
26
Definition of simple past
Event that took place in the past, at a particular point of time
27
4 Definitions and functions of present perfect
- Talk about an event that started in the past and is still taking place
- Talk about the past events that affect or lead up to the present
- Add adverbials of time to give more details about the event taking place before present time, very recently or not taken place
- Used 'has' or 'have' together with a main verb (has decided)
28
2 definitions of nominalisation
- Process of forming a noun or noun phrase from verbs or adjectives
- Summarise explanations and convey information concisely
29
4 suffixes to nominalise adjectives
-ce
-dom
-ness
-th
30
5 suffixes to nominalise verbs
-age
-a/ence
-ing
-ion
-ment
31
5 functions and purposes for adverbs to emphasise or tone down meaning
- Strengthen and emphasise our claims to appear more confident or assertive when presenting point of view
- Tone down our meaning to appear less direct and more polite and persuasive
- Being more thoughtful and balanced in our perspectives
- Tone down meaning to invite others to offer ideas or opinions
- May be positioned in different parts of the sentence (front, middle before verb, middle after verb)
32
3 functions and purposes of connectors to support a point of view
- Link ideas within sentences, between sentences, between paragraphs
- Shows different relationships
- Use SC and CA to link a point of view to the information
33
Purpose of connectors of contrast to address opposing viewpoints
- Used to highlight opposing viewpoints
- Can come in CC, SC, CA
34
4 Function of prepositions with an '-ing' clause
- Used at various points of a sentence
- Link two units of information
- Describe time, place, and subjects and objects in sentences
- If placed at beginning, (,) is needed after phrase
After (winning) the tournament(,) we celebrated.
35
4 functions of nominalisation to structure arguments
- Useful in organising our ideas and helps audience focus their attention on something in a sentence
- Helps us introduce one idea before we extend it to the rest of the paragraphs by including further information, showing its relationship with other things, providing relevant evidence
- Present arguments in a more objective manner by avoiding use of first person
- Appear more detached and logical by focusing on the action or process
36
Definition of active voice
- Subject of the sentence does the action indicated by the verb
"She was picked for the match against her"
37
Definition of passive voice
- Subject of sentence receives the action indicated by the verb
- Usually write passive voice by writing the verb 'to be' followed by the past participle of the main verb
"She had been picked for the match against her"
38
2 ways to form passive and active voice
- Identify direct object and indirect object
- Choose which object we want to emphasise
(A signal) is sent to the body by the brain - Direct object
(The body) is sent a signal by the brain - Indirect object
39
2 types of verbs we cannot use the passive voice with
- Verbs that take no object because that do not require someone or something to receive the action (arrive, go, sleep)
- Verbs that show a state of being or possession instead of showing actions (is, have)
