Grammar Flashcards
Parts of speech
Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Perpositions, Conjunctions, Interjections.
Nouns with examples
Words that name people, places, things, or ideas.
For example:- cat, London, happiness, freedom, book, water, school, yesterday.
Pronouns with examples
Words that take the place of nouns to avoid repetition.
For example:- I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them, oneself.
Verbs with examples
Words that describe actions, states of being, or occurrences.
For example:- run, is, happens, think, take, go, be, became.
Adjectives with examples
Words that describe nouns or pronouns. They tell us more about the person, place, thing, or idea.
For example:- big, small, good, bad, new, old, funny, happy, sad, hot, cold, interesting, beautiful.
Adverbs with examples
Words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They tell us how, when, where, why, or to what degree something happens.
For example:- very, much, often, never, always, sometimes, here, there, then, now, quickly, carefully, quite.
Perpositions with examples
Words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence.
For example:- in, on, at, to, from, by, with, about, for, as, through, beside.
Conjunctions with examples
Words that connect words, phrases, or clauses.
For example:- and, but, or, because, so, if, then, although, however.
Interjections with examples
Words used to express emotions or surprise. They are not grammatically connected to the rest of the sentence and often stand alone with an exclamation mark.
For example:- ouch! wow! hello! hurray! oops!
Sentence Structure
Basic Sentence Structure, Sentence Types and Phrases & Clauses.
Basic Sentence Structure with an example
Understanding the fundamental structure of a sentence, typically Subject + Verb + Object.
e.g., The cat (subject) chased (verb) the mouse (object).
Sentence types with an example
Distinguishing between different sentence types like declarative (statements), interrogative (questions), imperative (commands), and exclamatory (exclamations).
Declarative Sentence with an example
These sentences make statements and end with a period (.).
For example:- The cat sleeps on the mat.
Interrogative Sentence with an example
These sentences ask questions and end with a question mark (?).
For example:- What is your name?
Imperative Sentence with an example
These sentences give commands, instructions, or requests and often end with a period (.) or an exclamation mark (!) for emphasis.
For exmaple:- Please close the door. (period)
Stop! (exclamation mark)
Exclamatory Sentence with an example
These sentences express strong emotions or surprise and end with an exclamation mark (!).
For example:- Wow! That was a close call!
Phrases & Clauses with an example for each
phrases (groups of words without a subject and verb) and clauses (groups of words with a subject and verb, forming part of a sentence).
For example:- In the afternoon, The dog barks, While I was walking home.
Verb Tenses
Simple Present, Simple Past, Simple Future, Present Continuous, Past Continuous, Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Continuous, Future Perfect.
Simple Present with an example
Used for habits, facts, and truths that are generally true.
For example:- She eats breakfast every morning. (habit)
The Earth revolves around the sun. (fact)
Simple Past with an example
Used for actions completed at a specific time in the past.
For example:- We visited the museum yesterday.
Simple Future with an example
Used to express actions that will happen in the future.
For example:- I will call you tomorrow.
Present Continuous with an example
Used for actions happening now or around now, or ongoing actions with no specific timeframe.
For example:- He is cooking dinner right now.
Past Continuous with an example
Used for actions that were ongoing at a specific time in the past.
For example:- We were playing basketball when it started to rain.
Present Perfect with an example
Used for actions completed at an unspecified time in the past or actions that began in the past and continue to the present.
For example:- She has eaten lunch already. (unspecified past)
They have lived here for ten years. (began in the past, continues to present)
Past Perfect with an example
Used for actions that were completed before another action in the past.
For example:- By the time I arrived, the movie had already started.
Future Continuous with an example
Used to express actions that will be ongoing at a specific time in the future.
For example:- This time next week, we will be flying to Hawaii.
Future Perfect with an example
Used to express actions that will be completed before another action in the future.
For example:- By the end of the year, I will have finished my studies.
Subject-Verb Agreement
Which ensures the subject (who or what acts) and the verb (the action itself) agree in number (singular or plural).
Singular Subject - Singular Verb, example
The cat sits on the mat. (Cat is singular, so the verb sits is also singular.)
Plural Subject - Plural Verb, example
The birds sing beautifully. (Birds is plural, so the verb sing is also plural.)
Pronoun Agreement
A pronoun (she, he, it, they, etc.) must match its antecedent (the noun or pronoun it refers back to) in number (singular or plural) and gender (masculine, feminine, or neuter).
Singular Pronoun, example
The boy kicked the ball. He chased after it. (Boy is singular, so the pronoun he referring back to it is also singular.)
Plural Pronoun, example
The girls are playing games. They seem to be having fun. (Girls is plural, so the pronoun they referring back to it is also plural.)
Gender-Specific Pronoun, example
The teacher explained the concept. She answered all our questions. (The teacher can be masculine or feminine, so she is used to assuming the teacher is female.)
Punctuation
Period (.), Question Mark (?), Exclamation Mark (!), Comma (,), Semicolon (;), Colon (:), Apostrophe (‘), Quotation Marks (“ “), Brackets ([ ]), Ellipsis (…).
Period with its function and an example
Marks the end of a declarative sentence (statement) or an imperative sentence (command).
For example:- The weather is beautiful today. (Declarative)
Please close the door. (Imperative)
Question Mark with its function and an example
Indicates a question and goes at the end of an interrogative sentence.
For example:- What is your name?
Exclamation Mark with its function and an example
Shows strong emotions (surprise, excitement, anger) and ends an exclamatory sentence.
For example:- Wow! That was a close call!
Comma with its function and an example
Has several uses, including separating clauses within a sentence, separating items in a list, and setting off introductory phrases or clauses.
For example:- I went to the store, and I bought some milk. (Separating clauses)
Apples, oranges, and bananas are all healthy fruits. (Separating items in a list)
However, I forgot to buy bread. (Setting off an introductory adverbial clause)
Semicolon with its function and an example
Used to separate two independent clauses that are closely related in meaning. It creates a stronger separation than a comma.
For example:- The movie was long; however, it was very enjoyable.
Colon with its function and an example
Introduces a list, explanation, or quotation that follows the colon.
For example:- There are four seasons in a year: spring, summer, autumn, and winter.
She said: “I’ll be back soon.”
Apostrophe with its function and an example
Used for contractions (combining two words) and possessive nouns (showing ownership).
For example:- Don’t (do not) forget your keys. (Contraction)
The cat’s meow woke me up. (Possessive noun)
Quotation Marks with its function and an example
Enclose direct speech (what someone said) and quotations.
For example:- John said, “I’m going to the park.”
Brackets with its function and an example
Used to enclose information that is not part of the main sentence, like explanations or comments.
For example:- The scientist discovered a new element [it was later named Zizanium].
Ellipsis with its function and an example
Indicates a pause, trailing off in thought, or omitted words.
For example:- She looked at the note… and then her face turned pale.
