Grammar Flashcards
verb/adj base + 아서요/어서요
It is because… (stating the cause)
ex: “좀 바빠서 (파티에 안가)요.” = “Because I am a little busy (I am not going to the party).”
noun + 에서
dynamic location marker: at/on/in/from/to
1. dynamic location/activity place + 에서…activity verb
ex: “저는 도서관에서 공부해요.” = “I am studying at the library.”
2. departing point or source + 에서
ex: “어디에서 출발해요?” = “Where are you departing from?”
noun + 에
static location marker: at/on/in/to
1. static location + 에…state verb
ex: “마크는 지금 한국에 있어요.” = “Mark is in Korea now.”
2. destination + 에…coming-going directional verb
ex: “내일 학교에 가요?” = “Are you going to school tomorrow?”
3. time + 에…
ex: “한 시에 수업이 있어요.” = “Class is at 1 o’clock.”
verb/adj + 았어요/었어요
past tense ending:
1. last vowel 아/오 -> 았어요
ex: 가다 -> 갔어요
2. last vowel other -> 었어요
ex: 먹다 -> 먹었어요
3. 하다 -> 했어요
4. irregulars exist
ex: 바쁘다 -> 바빴어요
verb/adj base + 네요
sentence ending indicating the speaker’s reaction or realization (often involves surprise, sympathy, or admiration in response to a new discovery).
ex: “비가 오네요.” = “(Oh, I see that) it’s raining.”
noun + 으로/로 보이다
to look like ~/to appear as ~
ex: “김 선생님은 삼십 대로 보여요.” = “Mr. Kim looks like he is in his 30s.”
adj + 아/어 보이다
to look ~
ex: “옷이 비싸 보여요.” = “The clothes look expensive.”
verb/adj base + 고 verb/adj
and (ex: 춥고 더워요 = It’s cold and hot)
noun + 하고 noun
and (ex: 겨울하고 여름 = winter and summer)
vowel ending noun + 와 noun
and (ex: 날씨와 계절 = weather and season)
consonant ending noun + 과 noun
and (ex: 겨울과 여름 = winter and summer)
verb/adj base + 으면/면
if/when (indicates conditional or hypothetical situations that are certain to take place)
ex: “내일 날씨가 좋으면 등산 가요.” = “If the weather is good tomorrow, let’s go hiking.”
noun + 이면/면
if/when
ex: “학생이면 무료예요.” = “If you are a student, then it is free.”
adjective base + 아지다/어지다/해지다 (져요)
to become ~
ex: “오늘 날씨가 갑자기 추워졌어요.” = “The weather has suddenly become cold today.”
adjective base + 아 죽다/어 죽다/해 죽다 (죽어요/죽겠어요)
~ to death
ex: “배고파 죽겠어요.” = “I’m hungry to death.”
verb base + 으러/러 가다
to go for the purpose of ~
ex: “이번 여름에 한국어 배우러 서울에 가요.” = “In order to learn Korean, I am going to Seoul this summer.”
verb base + 아/어 봤다/(보다/보세요)
to have done ~ [expressing past (or current) experiences, to suggest to someone to try something or ask if they have tried it]
ex: “순두부찌개 먹어 봤어요.” = “I have tried soft tofu stew.”
“노래방에 가 보세요.” = “Try karaoke and see if you like it.”
verb + 는데 or adj + 은데/ㄴ데
…and, …so, …but
1. To provide background info before saying the info to follow it.
ex: “지금 비 오는데, 우산 있어요?” = “It’s raining now, do you have an umbrella?”
2. To provide background info that contrasts with the info to follow it.
ex: “옷이 예쁜데, 너무 비싸요.” = “The clothes are pretty, but too expensive.”
3. To provide background info before justifying a request or proposal to be made.
ex: “오늘은 바쁜데, 내일 만나요.” = “I’m busy today, let’s meet tomorrow.”
NOTE: when using 이다 to provide background info, use noun + 인데/ㄴ데
NOTE: when using past tense, use verb/adj base + 었는데/았는데
noun + 한테/께 (honorific)
to a person (when the noun is the goal/recipient and the verb is usually giving/sending/going)
ex: “이거 제시카한테 좀 주세요.” = “Please give this to Jessica.”
noun + 한테서
from a person (when the noun is the source and the verb is usually receiving/coming)
ex: “남자 친구한테서 생일 카드가 왔어요.” = “The card came from my boyfriend.”
verb/adj + 지만
but/although
remove 다, attach 지만 to the verb/adj base of the first clause in a sentence.
ex: “그 식당 음식은 비싸지만, 음식이 맛있어요.”= “This restaurant has expensive food, but it’s delicious food.”
note: after vowel-ending noun + 이다, either + 이지만 or 지만 can be used.
verb + 아/어 보세요
please try to do ~.
ex: “학교 앞 한국 식당에 한 번 가 보세요.” = “Please try the restaurant in front of the school at least once.”
verb + 아/어/해 봐도 돼요?
Is it okay to try to ~?/May I try to~?
ex: “여기서 사진 찍어 봐도 돼요?” = “May I take photos here?”
verb/adj + 을/ㄹ 거예요
future tense sentence ending: will ~ (prediction/volition/likely to happen)
ex: “아마 여덟 시에 열 거예요.” = “It is likely to open at 8 o’clock.”
