Grammar

Question 1

verb/adj base + 아서요/어서요

Answer 1

It is because… (stating the cause)
ex: “좀 바빠서 (파티에 안가)요.” = “Because I am a little busy (I am not going to the party).”

Question 2

noun + 에서

Answer 2

dynamic location marker: at/on/in/from/to
1. dynamic location/activity place + 에서…activity verb
ex: “저는 도서관에서 공부해요.” = “I am studying at the library.”
2. departing point or source + 에서
ex: “어디에서 출발해요?” = “Where are you departing from?”

Question 3

noun + 에

Answer 3

static location marker: at/on/in/to
1. static location + 에…state verb
ex: “마크는 지금 한국에 있어요.” = “Mark is in Korea now.”
2. destination + 에…coming-going directional verb
ex: “내일 학교에 가요?” = “Are you going to school tomorrow?”
3. time + 에…
ex: “한 시에 수업이 있어요.” = “Class is at 1 o’clock.”

Question 4

verb/adj + 았어요/었어요

Answer 4

past tense ending:
1. last vowel 아/오 -> 았어요
ex: 가다 -> 갔어요
2. last vowel other -> 었어요
ex: 먹다 -> 먹었어요
3. 하다 -> 했어요
4. irregulars exist
ex: 바쁘다 -> 바빴어요

Question 5

verb/adj base + 네요

Answer 5

sentence ending indicating the speaker’s reaction or realization (often involves surprise, sympathy, or admiration in response to a new discovery).
ex: “비가 오네요.” = “(Oh, I see that) it’s raining.”

Question 6

noun + 으로/로 보이다

Answer 6

to look like ~/to appear as ~
ex: “김 선생님은 삼십 대로 보여요.” = “Mr. Kim looks like he is in his 30s.”

Question 7

adj + 아/어 보이다

Answer 7

to look ~
ex: “옷이 비싸 보여요.” = “The clothes look expensive.”

Question 8

verb/adj base + 고 verb/adj

Answer 8

and (ex: 춥고 더워요 = It’s cold and hot)

Question 9

noun + 하고 noun

Answer 9

and (ex: 겨울하고 여름 = winter and summer)

Question 10

vowel ending noun + 와 noun

Answer 10

and (ex: 날씨와 계절 = weather and season)

Question 11

consonant ending noun + 과 noun

Answer 11

and (ex: 겨울과 여름 = winter and summer)

Question 12

verb/adj base + 으면/면

Answer 12

if/when (indicates conditional or hypothetical situations that are certain to take place)
ex: “내일 날씨가 좋으면 등산 가요.” = “If the weather is good tomorrow, let’s go hiking.”

Question 13

noun + 이면/면

Answer 13

if/when
ex: “학생이면 무료예요.” = “If you are a student, then it is free.”

Question 14

adjective base + 아지다/어지다/해지다 (져요)

Answer 14

to become ~
ex: “오늘 날씨가 갑자기 추워졌어요.” = “The weather has suddenly become cold today.”

Question 15

adjective base + 아 죽다/어 죽다/해 죽다 (죽어요/죽겠어요)

Answer 15

~ to death
ex: “배고파 죽겠어요.” = “I’m hungry to death.”

Question 16

verb base + 으러/러 가다

Answer 16

to go for the purpose of ~
ex: “이번 여름에 한국어 배우러 서울에 가요.” = “In order to learn Korean, I am going to Seoul this summer.”

Question 17

verb base + 아/어 봤다/(보다/보세요)

Answer 17

to have done ~ [expressing past (or current) experiences, to suggest to someone to try something or ask if they have tried it]
ex: “순두부찌개 먹어 봤어요.” = “I have tried soft tofu stew.”
“노래방에 가 보세요.” = “Try karaoke and see if you like it.”

Question 18

verb + 는데 or adj + 은데/ㄴ데

Answer 18

…and, …so, …but
1. To provide background info before saying the info to follow it.
ex: “지금 비 오는데, 우산 있어요?” = “It’s raining now, do you have an umbrella?”
2. To provide background info that contrasts with the info to follow it.
ex: “옷이 예쁜데, 너무 비싸요.” = “The clothes are pretty, but too expensive.”
3. To provide background info before justifying a request or proposal to be made.
ex: “오늘은 바쁜데, 내일 만나요.” = “I’m busy today, let’s meet tomorrow.”
NOTE: when using 이다 to provide background info, use noun + 인데/ㄴ데
NOTE: when using past tense, use verb/adj base + 었는데/았는데

Question 19

noun + 한테/께 (honorific)

Answer 19

to a person (when the noun is the goal/recipient and the verb is usually giving/sending/going)
ex: “이거 제시카한테 좀 주세요.” = “Please give this to Jessica.”

Question 20

noun + 한테서

Answer 20

from a person (when the noun is the source and the verb is usually receiving/coming)
ex: “남자 친구한테서 생일 카드가 왔어요.” = “The card came from my boyfriend.”

Question 21

verb/adj + 지만

Answer 21

but/although
remove 다, attach 지만 to the verb/adj base of the first clause in a sentence.
ex: “그 식당 음식은 비싸지만, 음식이 맛있어요.”= “This restaurant has expensive food, but it’s delicious food.”
note: after vowel-ending noun + 이다, either + 이지만 or 지만 can be used.

Question 22

verb + 아/어 보세요

Answer 22

please try to do ~.
ex: “학교 앞 한국 식당에 한 번 가 보세요.” = “Please try the restaurant in front of the school at least once.”

Question 23

verb + 아/어/해 봐도 돼요?

Answer 23

Is it okay to try to ~?/May I try to~?
ex: “여기서 사진 찍어 봐도 돼요?” = “May I take photos here?”

Question 24

verb/adj + 을/ㄹ 거예요

Answer 24

future tense sentence ending: will ~ (prediction/volition/likely to happen)
ex: “아마 여덟 시에 열 거예요.” = “It is likely to open at 8 o’clock.”

Question 25

verb/adj + 지요/죠?

Answer 25

sentence ending when you assume/expect that someone should/might agree with you; 죠 is shortened in conversation.
1. questions/proposals: “…don’t you?” “…isn’t it?” “can’t he?” etc.
ex: “지금 나가서 저녁 먹죠?” = “Why don’t we go out and have dinner now?”
2. statements: “as you know;” “as you might expect;” etc.
ex: “정말 덥지요.” = “As you might expect, it’s really hot.”

Question 26

noun + 으로/로

Answer 26

by/in/with/as (instrument of means by which a task is performed)
ex: “한국말로 하세요.” = “Please speak in Korean.”

Question 27

verb base + 으려고/려고 하다; 으려고/려고

Answer 27

sentence ending: intend to ~; intending to ~/in order to ~/in an effort to~/plan to ~/about to~.
ex: “저는 대학원에 가려고 해요.” = “I intend to go to graduate school.”
ex: “저는 대학원에 가려고, GRE를 공부해요.” = “Intending to go to graduate school, I’m studying for the GRE.”
ex: “지금 점심 먹으려고 해요. 나중에 전화 할게요.” = “I was about to eat lunch now. I’ll call you later.”

Question 28

~는데도/은데도/인데도

Answer 28

even though…/even if… (used to express contrast)
verb + 는데도
consonant-ending adj + 은데도
vowel-ending adj + ㄴ데도
consonant-ending noun + 인데도
vowel-ending noun + 인데/ㄴ데도
~있다/없다 –> 있는데도/없는데도
ex: “미국 사람인데도 한국말을 잘 해요.” = “Although he is American, he speaks Korean well.”
ex: “빠쁜데도 와 줘서 고마워요.” = “Thank you for coming even though you are busy.”

Question 29

noun 동안

Answer 29

during/for NOUN
1. when NOUN is a number, “for NOUN”
ex: “10년 동안 영어 배웠는데도, 말하기가 쉽지 않아요.” = “Although I learned English for 10 years, it is not easy to speak.”
2. otherwise, NOUN 동안 is translated as “during NOUN”
ex: “한국영화클럽에서 여름 방학 동안 북한 영화 시리즈를 상영할 거예요.” = “There will be a North Korean movie screening series during summer break at the Korean movie club.”

Question 30

verb + 는 동안

Answer 30

while VERB-ing
ex: “기차 타고 부산에 가는 동안 계란하고 김밥을 먹었어요.” = “I ate eggs and kimbap while riding a train to Busan.”
NOTE: 그동안 = during that time/in the meantime
ex: “그동안 잘 있었어요?” = “Have you been doing well?”

Question 31

noun-modifying forms of verbs

Answer 31

1. past tense: verb base + 은/ㄴ + NOUN (먹은 음식/간 식당)
   ex: “제가 먹은 음식은 순두부찌개예요.” = “The food that I ate is sundubu.”
   ex: “제가 간 식당은 서울 식당이에요.” = “The restaurant that I went to is Seoul Restaurant.”
2. present tense: verb base + 는 + NOUN (먹는 음식/가는 식당)
   ex: “제가 먹는 음식은 불고기예요.” = “The food that I eat is bulgogi.”
   ex: “제가 가는 식당은 서울 식당이에요.” = “The restaurant that I go to is Seoul Restaurant.”
3. future tense: verb base + 을/ㄹ + NOUN (먹을 음식/갈 식당)
   ex: “제가 멀을 음식은 김밥이에요.” = “The food I will eat is kimbap.”
   ex: “제가 갈 식당은 서울 식당이에요.” = “The restaurant I will go to is Seoul Restaurant.”

Question 32

noun-modifying forms of adjectives

Answer 32

1. past tense: adj base + 던 + NOUN (좋던 음식/비싸던 식당) “used to be but is no longer”
   ex: “좋던 날씨가 갑자기 나빠졌어요.” = “The weather that was good suddenly became bad.”
2. present tense: adj base + 은/ㄴ + NOUN (좋은 음식/비싼 식당)
   ex: “비싼 음식은 불고기예요.” = “The food that is expensive is bulgogi.”
3. future tense: adj base + 을/ㄹ + NOUN (좋을 것/비쌀 것)
   ex: “내일 날씨는 아주 좋을 거예요.” = “The weather would be good tomorrow.”
   note: the future tense is only used before dependent nouns (which cannot be used alone), such as 것/거 (thing/fact/event), 곳 (place), 만큼 (as much/many as), and 듯 (likelihood).

Question 33

verb/adj base or past tense + 다가

Answer 33

Clausal connective depicting transition from one event to another.
1. While the first event is being carried out, it is interrupted and the second event begins.
> verb/adj base + 다가 = and then/but then
ex: “날씨가 맑다가 갑자기 흐려지네요.” = “The weather was clear for a while and then it suddenly became cloudy.”
2. Also indicates that the first event is being carried out and the second event begins to happen while it continues. Only the second event continues later.
> verb/adj base + 다가 = while ~ing
ex: “밥을 먹다가 친구한테서 문자를 받았어요.” = “While I was eating I received a text from my friend.”
3. With past tense, 다가 indicates that the first event is completed and then the second event takes place.
> verb/adj +았/었다가 = and then
ex: “해물요리를 싫어했다가 요즘은 좋아해요.” = “I used to dislike seafood dishes but lately I like them.”

Question 34

어떤 + noun

Answer 34

which~/what kind of~/some/any~
1. questions: 어떤 + noun = which~/ what kind of~
ex: “어떤 거 드실래요?” = “Which one would you like to eat?”
2. non-questions: 어떤 + noun = some/any~
ex: “어떤 때는 오전에 운동을 해요.” = “Sometimes I exercise in the mornings.”
ex: “어떤 것도 문제 없어요.” = “Anything is possible.”

Question 35

~습니다 speech style

Answer 35

honorific speech level
1. statement: 습니다/ㅂ니다
2. question: 습니까?/ㅂ니까?
3. proposal: 읍니다/ㅂ니다
4. command: 으시요/시요 or 으시오/ 시오

Question 36

verb/adj + 겠

Answer 36

used to express a speaker’s intention/promise (will~), formal request (Would you like~?), or speculation/guess (must be~)
1. speculation/guess (must be~)
ex: “어제 커피를 많이 마셔서 밤을 못 잤어요.” “그래요? 피곤하겠어요.” = “I had too much coffee yesterday, so I couldn’t sleep.” “Oh, really? You must be tired.”
> talking to/about seniors: -으시겠어요/-시겠어요
ex: “힘드시겠어요.” “바쁘시겠습니다.” = “It must be hard.” “You must be busy.”

Question 37

[time frame]에 [number of times]

Answer 37

phrase to indicate how often you do something: 이 주에 한 번 = once per two weeks
ex: “보통 일주일에 한두 번쯤 테니스 쳐요.” = “I usually play tennis about once or twice a week.”

Question 38

[noun1]도 [verb/adj]고 [noun2]도 [verb/adj]고요.

Answer 38

to do both [noun1] and [noun2]
ex: “숙제도 있고 아르바이트도 있고요.” = “I will do homework and my part-time job.”
ex: “제시카도 오고 스티브도 오고요.” = “Both Jessica and Steve are coming.”
note: can be followed by 그래요 (I do so) or 그랬어요 (I did so).
ex: “여름 방학 동안 공부도 하고 여행도 하고 그랬어요.” = “During summer break I studied and traveled.”

Question 39

-이/-가; -께서

Answer 39

giver (subject marker), non-honorific and honorific

Question 40

-한테/-에게; -께

Answer 40

recipient marker, non-honorific and honorific

Question 41

~아/어 주다/주시다/드리다

Answer 41

to do (something) for (someone); does not literally mean “to give,” but rather adds the sense of “someone does something for another’s benefit” to the meaning of the verb base.
1. ~아/어 주다 = plain form (줘요/줍니다)
2. ~아/어 주시다 = honorific form, when honoring the giver (주세요/주십니다)
3. ~아/어 드리다 = humblerific form, when the giver is giving to someone superior (드려요/드립니다)

Question 42

verb base + 기로 하다

Answer 42

to decide to ~; supposed to ~
note: use 했어 when you’ve already decided to do something

Question 43

noun + 을/를 하다

Answer 43

(for someone) to do (something) [active construction]
ex: “준비를 했어요.” = “I prepared (it).”

Question 44

noun + 이/가 되다

Answer 44

(for something) to be done (by someone) [passive construction]
ex: “준비가 됐어요.” = “(It) is prepared (by me).”