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russian Y2 > grammar > Flashcards

grammar Flashcards

1
Q

how to form imperatives of imperfective and perfective verbs

A
  • usually you need to remove the last two letters of 3rd person pl. (present or future tense)
  • if ends in a consonant add -и if ends in a vowel add-й
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2
Q

turn писать (to write) into the imperative

A

писать –> они пишут –> пиши

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3
Q

turn читать (to read) into the imperative

A

читать –> они читают –> читай

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4
Q

turn купить (to buy) into the imperative

A

купить –> они купят –> купи

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5
Q

how to form imperative of words that aren’t stressed at the end

A
  • verbs with stem ending in single consonant that are stressed on stem throughout the conjugation have imperative ending -ь
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6
Q

turn забыть (to forget) into an imperative

A
  • since it has a stress on the stem throughout the conjugation
    забыть –> забудут –> забудь
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7
Q

turn готовить (to prepare) into an imperative

A
  • since it has a stress on the stem throughout the conjugation
    готовить –> они готовят –> готовь
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8
Q

how to turn reflexive verbs into imperatives

A
  • formed the same but add ending -ся after -й or -ь and add ending -сь when the imperative ends with -и or -те
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9
Q

turn одеваться (to dress) into an imperative

A

одеваться –> они одеваются –> одевайся –> одевайтесь

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10
Q

how to make an imperative plural

A
  • add -те ending to already formed imperative (comes before reflexive ending)
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11
Q

imperative of бить (to beat)

A

бей(те)

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12
Q

imperative of вить (to wind/ weave/twist)

A

вей(те)

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13
Q

imperative of пить (to drink)

A

пей(те)

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14
Q

imperative of налить (to pour)

A

налей(те)

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15
Q

prefix + verb of motion

A
  • they all become imperfective
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16
Q

по + verb of motion

A
  • is perfective
  • means for a bit and will be a completed action
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17
Q

по + unidirectional verb of motion

A
  • to set off + verb
  • denote the beginning of movement, setting of for a destination
  • will be perfective (used only in past and future)
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18
Q

translate: the tourists drove around the town for a while, then they set off to the hotel

A

туристы поезжали по городу, потом поехали в гостиницу

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19
Q

verbs of motion that mutate when you add a prefix

A
  • идти –> -йтй (if prefix ends in consonant will have a buffer o)
  • ездить –> езжать (if prefix ends in a consonant will have ъ as a buffer)
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20
Q

when to use ходить/ идти

A
  • larger modes of transport
  • movement within a city (not a long distance and not specified)
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21
Q

difference between много and многие

A
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22
Q

how to construct comparisons (than)

A
  • can use чем but has to be preceded by a comma, both items for comparison are in the same case – used w/ long (attributive comparatives) – used when 2nd item for comparison has 3rd person possessive pronoun form
  • use genitive, can only be used if first item of comparison is in the nominative case
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23
Q

how to to quantify a difference e.g. he’s 3 years older than me

A
  • use на + accusative
    e.g. он старше меня на года
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24
Q

what is special about genitive forms of который

A

masc. + neuter = которого
fem. = которой
plural = которых means ‘whose’

– they all follow the noun!!

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25
Q

how does кто function as a relative pronoun

A
  • only functions as relative pronoun to: Тот, кто” (“he, the one who”)
    “Те, кто” (“those who”)
    “Все, кто” (“everyone who”)
  • it takes a masculine singular predicate
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26
Q

Translate: He who solved the problem ( consider кто as a relative pronoun and implications

A
  • Тот, кто решил задачу
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27
Q

how does кто change when there’s a plural antecedent example: Everyone who came to the meeting voted for me

A

кто may take either a singular or plural verb
Ex: все, кто пришёл/ пришли на собрание, голосовали за меня

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28
Q

how does что function as a relative pronoun

A
  • when used mainly w/ всё ‘everything’ ‘everything that’ ( всё, что) and то ‘that’ ‘that’ (то, что)
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29
Q

Dative verbs of attitude

A

верить/ по- to believe
доверять/ доверить to trust
грозить/ при- to threaten
завидовать/ по- to envy
льстить/ по- to flatter
мстить/ ото- to take vengenance on
подражать to imitate
радоваться/ об- to rejoice at
сочувствовать/ по- to sypathise w/
удивляться/ удивиться to be surprised

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30
Q

dative verbs

A
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31
Q

what are the 4 types of participles

A
  • present active
  • past active
  • present passive
  • past passive
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32
Q

when can participles be used

A
  • to replace adjectival clauses e.g. clauses introduced by который
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33
Q

how to form present active participle

A
  • remove -т from 3rd person plural (они form)
  • replace it w/ -щий (-ая) (-ое) (-ие)
  • participle has to agree in number, gender and case
  • declines like хороший
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34
Q

present participle of получать

A

получать –получают – получющий

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35
Q

how to form participles based off a reflexive verb

A

-remove -т from 3rd person plural (они form)
- replace it w/ -щий (-ая) (-ое) (-ие)
- add -ся on the end regardless of its endings
- participle has to agree in number, gender and case
- declines like хороший

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36
Q

how to form past active participle

A
  • use either imperfective or perfective past tense ending -л
  • replace it w/ - вший (-ая) (-ое) (-ие)
  • when there’s no -л in masculine past tense add -ший (-ая) (-ое) (-ие) to masc. past tense
  • declines like хороший and agrees in case, gender + number
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37
Q

forming past active past participle from получить

A

получить – получил – получивший (-ая) (-ое) (-ие)

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38
Q

past active participle of везти

A

везти – вёс – вёзший (-ая) (-ое) (-ие)

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39
Q

past active participles of идти and вести

A

идти – шедший (-ая) (-ое) (-ие)
вести – ведший (-ая) (-ое) (-ие)

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40
Q

when is the past active used

A
  • can be used instead of adjectival который clauses that have imperfective or perfective past of the action verb
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41
Q

verbs of motion

A

ездить/ ехать
ходить/ идти
бегать/ бежать
летать/ лететь
плавать/ плыть
носить/ нести
возить/ везти
водить/ вести

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42
Q

conjugating ходить

A

я хожу
ты ходишь
он(а)(о) ходит
мы ходим
вы ходите
они ходят

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43
Q

conjugating идти

A

я иду
ты идёшь
он(а)(о) идёт
мы идём
вы идёте
они идут

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44
Q

conjugating бежать

A

я бегу
ты бежишь
он(а)(о) бежит
мы бежим
вы бежите
они бегут

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45
Q

conjugating лететь

A

я лечу
ты летишь
он(а)(о) летит
мы летим
вы летите
они летят

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46
Q

conjugating плыть

A

я плыву
ты плывёшь
он(а)(о) плывёт
мы плывём
вы плывёте
они плывут

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47
Q

what do verbs that take the instrumental denote

A
  • use of control
  • attitude
  • reciprocal action
  • verbs indicating state or appearance
  • other meanings
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48
Q

instrumental verbs that denote a reciprocal action

A

делиться/ поделиться (to share)
обмениваться/ обмняться (to exchange)

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49
Q

instrumental verbs indicating state/ appearance

A

оказываться/ отказаться (to turn out to be)
становиться/ стать (to become)
считаться (to be considered)

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49
Q

instrumental verbs that denote other meanings

A
  • болеть/ за- (to be sick/ ill with)
  • жертовать/ по- (to sacrifice)
  • заниматься/ заняться (to busy oneself with)
  • ограничиваться/ ограничиться (to limit oneself to)
  • рисковать (to risk)
  • торговать (to trade in) `
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49
Q

instrumental verbs that denote attitude

A
  • восхищаться/ восхититься (to be delighted with)
  • гордиться (to be proud of)
  • грозиться (to threaten with)
  • дорожить (to value)
  • интересоваться/ за- (to be interested in)
  • любоваться (to admire)
  • наслаждаться/ насладиться (to delight in)
  • пренебрегать/ пренебречь (to disregard)
  • увлекаться/ увлечься (to be keen/ to be obsessed with)
  • хвастаться (to boast of)
  • щеголять (to flaunt)
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49
Q

instrumental verbs that denote reciprocal actions

A
  • делиться/ поделиться (to share)
  • обмениваться/ обменяться (to exchange)
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50
Q

instrumental verbs that denote control

A
  • владеть (to own/ have command of a [language])
  • дирижировать (to conduct [an orchestra])
  • заведовать (to be in charge of)
  • злоупотреблять/ злоупотребить (to abuse/ misuse [one’s position])
  • командовать (to command)
  • обладать (to possess)
  • пользоваться/ воспользоваться (to use/ enjoy)
  • править ( to rule)
  • располагать (to have at one’s disposal)
  • распоряжаться/ распорядиться (to manage)
  • руководить (to run)
  • управлять (to run/govern)
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51
Q

instrumental verbs that denote states or appearances

A

оказываться/ оказаться (to turn out to be)
становиться/ стать (to become)
считаться (to be considered)

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52
Q

to be sick; be ill with + case

A

болеть/ заболеть + instrumental

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53
Q

to sacrifice + case

A

жертвовать/ пожертвовать + instrumental

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54
Q

to busy oneself with + case

A

заниматься/ заняться + instrumental

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55
Q

to limit oneself to

A

ограничиваться/ ограничиться + instrumental

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56
Q

to risk + case

A

рисковать + instrumental

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57
Q

to trade in

A

торговать + instrumental

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58
Q

за + instrumental/ accusative

A
  • means behind, on the other side of, beyond
59
Q

за + instrumental (give example)

A
  • can mean ‘for’/ to fetch
    я зашёл за другом - I called for my friend
    очередь за хлеьом - a queue for bread
    идти за водой - to go for water
60
Q

за + accusative

A
  • used to denote movement to certain positions
  • also used as preposition of time meaning: during the course of
  • time taken to complete an action
  • means for after verbs referring to apologising, thanks, payment, reward
61
Q

из-за + genitive

A
  • denotes withdrawal from certain positions
62
Q

declension of один (m)

A

nominative - одни
accusative - одни/ одного
genitive - одного
dative - одному
instrumental - одним
prepositional - в/ об одном

63
Q

declension of одна (f)

A

nominative - одна
accusative - одну
genitive - одной
dative - одной
instrumental - одной
prepositional - в/ об одной

64
Q

declension of одно

A

nominative - одно
accusative - одно
genitive - одного
dative - одному
instrumental - одним
prepositional - в/ об одном

65
Q

declension of одни (pl)

A

nominitive (pl) - одни
acusative (pl) - одни/ одних
genitive (pl) - одних
dative (pl) - одним
instrumental (pl) - одними
prepositional (pl) - в/ об одних

66
Q

declension of полтора (masc. and neuter) + полторы (fem.)

A
  • only one oblique case form подутора
67
Q

declension of два/ две

A

nominative - два/ две
accusative - два/ две/ двух
genitive - двух
dative - двум
instrumental - двумя
prepositional - в/ о двух

68
Q

declension of три

A

nominitve - три
accusative три/ трёх
genitive - трёх
dative - трём
instrumental - тремя
prepositional - в/ о трёх

69
Q

declension of четыре

A

nominative - четыре
accusative - четыре/ четырёх
genitive - четырёх
dative - четырём
instrumental - четырьмя
prepositional -четырёх

70
Q

how to form present (imperfect) passive participle

A
  • formed from imperfect transitive aspect + is a verbal adj.
  • add adjectival endings to first-person pl. (мы form) e.g. -ый/ -ая/ -ое/ -ые
71
Q

present passive participle of -авать verbs e.g. давать

A
  • -аваемый (-ая) (-ое) (-ые)
    e.g. давать - даваемый
72
Q

forming present passive participles from -ти verbs

A
  • only вести (ведомый) + нести (несомый)
  • both verbs change their first-person pl. ending from -ё to -o
73
Q

intransitive verb present passive participles that take the dative

A

(to precede) - предшествовать - предшествуемый
(to threaten) - угрожать - угрожаемый

74
Q

intransitive verb present passive participles that take the instrumental

A

(to command) командовать - командуемый
(to run) - руководить - рруководимый
(to manage) - управлять - управляемый

75
Q

how to use present passive participles

A
  • decline like adjectives
  • agree in number, case and gender w/ noun they describe
76
Q

verbs w/ irregular imperative forms

A

to beat: бить - бей(-те)
to wind, weave: вить- вей(-те)
to drink: пить - пей(-те)
to poor: налить - налей(-те)
to sew: шить - шей(-те)

77
Q

irregular imperatives of -авать verbs e.g. давать (to give); продавать (to sell); вставать(to get up_

A
  • imperative ending in -й
  • ending is added to stem of the infinitive form
    e.g. to give: давать - давай(-те)
    продавать - продавай(-те)
    вставать - вставай(-те)
78
Q

imperative of ехать + поехать (pf.)

A
  • have imperative поежай(-те)
  • all compounds of imperfective forms in prefix + ежать have imperative ending in - ежай(-те)
79
Q

uses of imperfective imperative

A
  • general injunctions/ instructions
  • frequentative instructions (habitual actions)
  • instructions to continue an action
  • negated imperative to forbid an action
  • exhortations
    -expressing wishes
  • conveying an invitation
80
Q

uses of perfective imperative

A
  • order to implement a single action
  • in a formal/ professional relationship
  • warning
81
Q

how to form long (attributive) comparatives

A
  • usually более + long adj.
  • adjective will agree w/ noun it qualifies in number, gender + case
82
Q

how to form reverse comparative

A
  • same rules as более: менее + long adj.
83
Q

4 adjectives w/ attributive comparatives (instead of более + long adj.)

A

good: хороший - лучший
bad: плохой - хдуший
big: большой - болший (sometimes only distinguished by stress - when speaking)
small: маленький - меньший
- will agree w/ noun their qualifying in number, case and gender

84
Q

4 adjectives w/ 1 word declinable comparatives in addition to более form

A

young: молодой - (более молодой) - младший
old: старый - (более старый) - старший
high: высокий - (более высокий) - высший
low: низкий - (более низкий) - низший

85
Q

when to use the 4 adjectives w/ 1 word declinable comparatives in addition to более form: более молодой - младший

A

более молодой : younger (of things)

младший : younger, more junior of people -> only used w/ animate nouns + collectives + usually imply seniority and juniority

86
Q

when to use the 4 adjectives w/ 1 word declinable comparatives in addition to более form: более старый v старший

A

более старый : older (things)
старший: elder, more senior (people) -> only used w/ animate nouns + collectives + usually imply seniority and juniority

87
Q

when to use the 4 adjectives w/ 1 word declinable comparatives in addition to более form: более высокий v высший

A

более высокий: higher, taller (literal)
высший: higher, superior (figurative)

88
Q

when to use the 4 adjectives w/ 1 word declinable comparatives in addition to более form: более низкий v низший

A

более низкий: lower (literal)
низший: lower, inferior (figurative)

89
Q

forming the short (predicative) comparatives e.g. красивый, удобный

A
  • usually formed by adding -ee to stem of adjective
  • they are invariable + are predicates
    e.g. красивый - красив-ее
    удобный - удобн-ее
90
Q

when to use the short (predicative) forms

A
  • to translate sentences where the verb ‘to be’ comes between noun/ pronoun and the comparative e.g. new trains are faster - новые поезда быстрее
91
Q

adjectives that have no comparative short forms or forms that are rarely used

A
  • adjectives ending in -ский
  • adjectives ending in -овый, -овой, -оевый
  • adjectives denoting something that can’t be manifested to a greater or lesser degree
  • colours
  • others: внешний (external), городый(proud) , больной (ill)
92
Q

short form comparative of новый

A
  • does have a comparative short form : новее
93
Q

how to form past passive participles

A

ending -нный for verbs ending in -ать, -ять replace the -ть by -нный
2nd conj. verbs in -ить or -еть and first conjugation verbs ending in -сти, -зти take -енный, or -ённый if the ты form of the future perfective is stressed on the ending

94
Q

past passive participles of найти and пройти (NOTE: they’re irregular)

A

найти -> найденный
пройти -> пройденный

95
Q

past passive participles w/ consonant change in я form (1st person) e.g. пригласить (to invite)

A
  • when there is a consonant change in the “я” form of the future perfective, this change also occurs in the past passive participle
    e.g. пригласить –
    я приглашу – выпригласишь – приглашённый (invited)
96
Q

past passive participles ending in -тый

A

small number of verbs of the first conjugation take the ending -тый -> include many monosyllabic verbs and their compounds
-оть, -уть, -ыть and -ереть

97
Q

explain the imperfective aspect
Example: I am reading the book

A
  • focuses on process or ongoing action.
  • Used for actions that are seen as ongoing, habitual, repeated, or unfinished.
  • Often used for present tense actions or past tense actions that are ongoing or repeated.
    Example: “Я читаю книгу” (I am reading the book) - the action of reading is ongoing
98
Q

explain the perfective aspect Example: I read the book

A
  • focuses on the completion or result of an action.
  • for actions seen as a whole, w/o considering the duration or repetition.
  • Often used for past tense actions or future tense actions that are expected to be completed.
    Example: “Я прочитал книгу” (I read the book) - the action of reading is completed
99
Q

explain the perfective aspect for future events Example: I will read the book

A
  • refers to actions that are expected to be completed or seen as a single event
    Example: Я прочитаю книгу” (I will read the book) - This implies that the action of reading the book will be completed in the future.
100
Q

grammatical feature of gerunds

A
  • they’re indeclinable + substitute co-ordinate or adverbial clauses beginning w/ and, when, since, by, after, while, without
101
Q

how to conjugate the imperfective gerund

A
  • 3rd person (они) form of the present tense and replace last 2 letters w/ -я or -a after ж,ч, ш, щ
102
Q

quantifying a difference e.g. He is 3 years older than me

A
  • use preposition на + acc.
    e.g. он старше меня на 3 года
103
Q

expressing of much + comparative

A
  • is expressed by намного, гораздо, куда
104
Q

as…as possible

A

как можно + comparative

105
Q

when to use на + acc.

A

expressions of place (to,onto) - motion towards
- points of compass
- open spaces
- events/ venues that denote activity
- rivers, islands, peninsulas + mountain ranges in singular

106
Q

to influence (something or somebody)

A

влиять/ повлиять на +acc.

107
Q

uses of на + prepositional

A
  • expressions of place (on/at) - denoting location
  • points of compass
  • open spaces
  • events/ venues denoting activity
  • rivers, islands, peninsulas + mountain ranges (singular)
  • means of transport
  • expressions of time
108
Q

to divide into

A

делить/ разделить на + acc.

109
Q

to complain of

A

жаловаться/ (по-) на + acc.

110
Q

to hope for; to rely on

A

надеяться на + acc.

111
Q

to attack

A

нападать/ напасть на + acc.

112
Q

to be late for

A

ораздывать/ опоздать на + acc.

113
Q

to reply to (letter, question)

A

отвечать/ ответить на + acc.

114
Q

to look at

A

смотреть/ (по-) на + acc.

115
Q

to translate into

A

переводить/ перевести на + acc.

116
Q

train/ plane ticket

A

билет на поезд/ на самолёт

117
Q

view over the river

A

вид на реку

118
Q

for two

A

на двоих

119
Q

demand for

A

спрос на + acc.

120
Q

looks like

A

похожий на +acc.

121
Q

the other day

A

на днях

122
Q

по + unidirectional verbs of motion

A
  • forms simple future tense e.g. поехать
123
Q

по + multidirectional verbs of motion

A
  • implies doing the action for a while in the future
124
Q

note the usage of multidirectional verbs of motion

A
  • describe habitual, repeated or non-specific and movements
  • describe single return journey (that’s been made)
125
Q

note the usage of unidirectional verbs of motion

A
  • describe actions in progress towards a specific destination
  • used for concrete, one-way trips/ movements and often form basis for future tense verbs w/ по- prefix
126
Q

a lesson is on

A

Идёт урок - have to use unidirectional verb of motion

127
Q

to enter

A

входить/ войти в + acc.

128
Q

to go out of

A

выходить/ выйти из +gen.

129
Q

to go as far as

A

доходить/ дойти до + gen.

130
Q

to call on someone (is a brief visit)

A

заходить/ зайти к + dat.

131
Q

to call at a place

A

заходить/ зайти в/ на + асс.

132
Q

to pick/ fetch

A

зайти за + instrumental

133
Q

to find

A

находить/ найти + асс.

134
Q

to go round

A

обходить/ обойти вокруг + gen.

135
Q

to inspect/ avoid

A

обходить/ обойти + асс.

136
Q

to move away from

A

отходить/ отойти от + gen.

137
Q

to cross

A

переходить/ перейти (через) + асс.

138
Q

to go up to; approach

A

подходить/ подойти к + dat.

139
Q

to come to see somebody

A

приходить/ прийти к + dat.

140
Q

to come, arrive to a place

A

приходить/ прийти в/ на +асс.

141
Q

to pass

A

проходить/ пройти мимо + gen.

142
Q

to cover (a distance)

A

проходить/ пройти + асс.

143
Q

to come down from; step off

A

сходить/ сойти с + genitive

144
Q

to leave a person

A

уходить/ уйти от + gen.

145
Q

to leave a place

A

уходить/ уйти из/ с + gen.

146
Q

stems of prefixed verbs of motion

A
  • after prefixes ездить becomes -езжать
  • after prefixes идти becomes -йти + o is inserted between consonant and -йти
147
Q
A

russian Y2 (8 decks)

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