Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

Ing

A

1) Verb is a noun
2) after certain verb, when a verb is the obj: likes and dislikes, (avoid eating sugar) avoid, consider, prefer, adore, don’t mind, hate, love, like, can’t help, can’t imagine, can’t stand, enjoy, fancy, feel like, involve, mind, miss, finish, recommend, suggest
3) after a preposition (I am interested in listening specific lectures/ thinking of doing…)
4) after some common verbs: imagine, keep, go, stop, start, give up, practice
5) nouns + prep + ing
6) some verbs are followed by ing or inf with a change of meaning
7) before, since, while + ing
8) when it is the subject of a sentence

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2
Q

must/can/could/may/might/can’t + inf (without to)

A

модальный глагол в значении предположения:
must - должно (случиться)
can - может
could/may/might - возможно
can’t - не может

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3
Q

must/can/may/can’t + be + Ving

A

Модальный глагол для предположения о действии в настоящий момент:
They mast be talking - должно быть
They can be talking - наверное
They may be talking - вероятно
They can’t be talking - не может быть

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4
Q

must/can/may/can’t + present perfect (have v3/ed)

A

Модальный глагол для выражения предложения о действии в прошлом:
They must have swum in the sea.
They can have swum in the sea.
They may have swum in the sea.
They can’t have swum in the sea.

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5
Q

First conditional

A

О том, что может произойти в будущем при определенном условии/общие факты:
If present tense, future tense.
If you don’t visit Lin, she won’t be happy.
Future tense: will/won’t/might

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6
Q

Second conditional

A

Говорим о чем-то, что мы думаем вероятно может произойти/о воображаемых ситуациях:
If past tense, would inf.

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7
Q

The third conditional

A

О действиях и событиях, которые не произошли в прошлом/о воображаемом результате, последствиях, сожалениях. Ах если бы:
If past perfect, would have v3/ed (past participle).

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8
Q

inf + to

A

1) adj + inf with to (willing to wait; eager to go; keen to do)
2) nouns + to + inf (a decision to retire)
3) anything, anyone, anywhere, nothing, something
4) after verbs: agree, aim, appear, arrange, manage, expect, hope, learn (how), offer, plan, refuse, tend, want, wish, decide, attempt, fail, hope, afford, promise
5) make/let + object + inf
6) help (to) inf
7) verb + obj + to inf: advice, allow, ask, authorize, encourage, expect, forbid, need, remind, teach (how), tell, want

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9
Q

Ing/inf - with a change of meaning

A

1) remember/forget
+ing to talk about memories
+inf with to - to say we do or don’t do smth

2) regret
+ing - about something in the past
+inf - just about to do something

3) stop
+ing - when we stop an action
+inf - the reason why

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10
Q

will

A

We use will to talk about spontaneous plans decided at the moment of speaking. (Я закрою окно. Ой, уроки отменили, я пойду в парк.)

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11
Q

going to

A

We use going to to talk about plans decided before the moment of speaking. Я собираюсь…

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12
Q

Present Cont. (future aspect)

A
  1. We usually use the present continuous when the plan is an arrangement – already confirmed with at least one other person and we know the time and place.
  2. We often use the present continuous to ask about people’s future plans.
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13
Q

Can

A
  1. Я могу
  2. Не изменяется во времени, а значит передает свои функции “be able to”
  3. Когда прости кого-то-то чем-то в неформальной обстановке
  4. Когда мы говорим о планах на ближайшее будущее: We can go out to the new Italian restaurant for dinner.
  5. Не склоняется по лицам
  6. Не может быть использован с другими вспомогательными глаголами
  7. не присоединяет окончание - ing
  8. Аспект совершенного действия тоже недоступен. Can не существует в перфекте
  9. нет форм прошедшего и будущего времени
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14
Q

could

A
  1. Выполняет функции глагола can в прошедшем времени:

I could sleep less when I was young.
Я могла спать меньше, когда была молодой.
I could walk for miles and miles.
Я могла ходить мили и мили.

= про умение, навык или способность в Past Simple

  1. употребляется при высказывании предположения, если в нем есть толика неуверенности:
    She is speaking some language. It could be Russian.
  2. Для просьб, но более вежливо, чем can
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15
Q

be able to

A
  1. be able to , когда он употребляется в настоящем времени, в основном, указывает на возможности, которые открываются в данный момент :

I’m able to sing, my throat doesn’t hurt anymore.
Я могу петь, горло больше не болит.

  1. может позволить себе то, чего не может сделать can — говорить о прошлом, о будущем, следовать после другого модального глагола и даже присоединять окончание - ing
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