Grammar Flashcards
-고 나서
After …ing, …
OR
I …..then….
It specifically indicates that one action is finished or completed and THEN another action is started, chronologically.
Where -고 connects chronological events but is less specific
Ex.
우리 내일 영화 보고 나서 뭐 할까요?
손을 씻고 나서 밥을 먹어요.
나는 밥을 먹고나서 텔레비전을 보았어
-아/어/해 보다
To try
-기 때문에
Because of…
Ex.
비 왔기 때문에 오늘 날씨가 너무 좋네요
생일이니까 여기까지 왔기 때문에 너무 행복해
중국 음식을 좋아하기 때문에 중국 음식을 먹었어요
-은/는/인데
- While, although, when
- When used at the end of a sentence, -는데 adds an explanatory or contextual meaning, stating a fact or giving a reason for what has been said.
Example:
바빠서 전화 못 했는 데요
- In some cases, -는데 can be used as a softener or filler in casual speech, adding a conversational tone to the sentence without a specific meaning.
Example:
그래는데… 잠깐만 기다려줄래?
Well… Can you wait for a moment?
Verbs - 는데
Adj. - consonant-은데; vowel-는데
Noun- 인데
If ending in ㄹ drop the ㄹ
Ie. 알다 becomes 아는데
달다 becomes 단데
을 / ㄹ 때
When I (verb)
이라고 / 라고
Said “_____”
이라고 if the previous word ends with a consonant
라고 if ending in a vowel.
-기 (written; memos; to-dos)
VS.
-는 거 or 것/ -는 게 (speaking)
Nominalizer (makes verb into a noun)
-기 is usually followed by adjectives
Ie. 먹기 좋아요
-는 거 is usually followed by verbs or adjectives
Ie. 먹는 게 생각해요
-지 못하다
Cannot ____verb___
( a little formal)
Ex.
저는 너무 피곤해서 아침에 일어나지 못했어요.
이해하지 못하겠어요
저는 한국어를 잘 못해요
한동안 한국에 못 가봤다.
-지 않다
To not ____verb____.
주다
주시다
드리다
드리시다
Lower gives to lower
(Friend to friend; me to child)
Upper gives to lower
(Mom to me)
Lower gives to upper
(Me to mom)
(Upper gives to upper)
(Mom to grandma or vice versa)
-(으)면
If, when
What are the abbreviations for the following?
-는 것이
-는 것을
-는 것
-는 것 은
-는 게
-는 걸
-는 거
-는 건
Abbreviations are most commonly used. Unless I’m formal or writing.
-러 vs. -(으)려고
express purpose or intention
“Intending to, planning to, in an effort to, being about to”
-러 = used as a conjunctive ending to connect two verbs in a sentence
Always has to be followed by a coming/going verb like 가다, 오다
Ie. 옷을 사러 백화점에 갔어요
-려고 = used to express the intention or purpose of a single action in a sentence.
Can be followed by any verb
Ie. 공부를 하려고 책을 샀어요.
-니까 or -니 vs. -서 or -가지고
Since, so
-니까 = used to indicate a causal relationship between two clauses. It connects the reason or cause of the first clause to the result or effect of the second clause. Also use if talking to someone, ie when making a command
Example: 비가 오니까 우산을 가져 가요.
(Since it’s raining, I will take an umbrella.)
In this example, “-니까” connects the cause (rain) to the result (taking an umbrella) and explains the reason for taking the umbrella.
-니 = casual form of 니까
-서 = used to connect two clauses in a chronological or logical sequence. It is often used to show that the action in the second clause happens as a consequence of or follows the action in the first clause.
Example: 공부했어요, 그래서 시험을 통과했어요.
(I studied, so I passed the exam.)
In this example, “-서” indicates that the second action (passing the exam) follows the first action (studying) in a logical sequence.
-가지고 = colloquial form of 서
또는 vs -거나
Or
또는 = more formal; the connecting s words are similar
-거나 = more casual, the connecting words are very different
To take a walk, stroll
산책하다
-네
Emphasizes something is surprising
-더라고
Emphasizes something WAS surprising (past tense version of -네)
알다 > 아는 etc
Irregular ㄹ
When turning into a noun, if a word ends in ㄹ you drop all together!
Ie.
살다 > 사는
멀다 > 머는
아/어/하 -도록
In order to, so that
ㅇ or ㅁ followed by ㄹ
ㄹ makes “ㄴ“ sound
Is becoming/ getting (verbs)
-지다
To be cautious
신중하다
-긴
Shortened version of 기는
-ㄴ가/은가/는가/나 보다
I guess, I suppose
~ㄴ가 보다 is attached to 이다 and adjectives where the stem ends in a vowel
~은가 보다 is attached to adjectives where the stem ends in a consonant
~는가 보다 is attached to all verbs and all versions of 있다 and 없다
Alternatively, ~나 보다 can be attached to 이다, adjectives or verbs.
Verb-잖다
“You know?”
More assertive than “지요 or 죠”
-던
Noun modifying form of adjectives
OR
Imperfect past of Verbs
-(으)ㄴ 다음에
-(으)ㄴ 후에
After…
-(으)면 좋겠다
I hope…, I wish…, it would be good if…
Expressing desires
-거라
casual and assertive way of expressing a strong belief, assumption, or suggestion. It’s often used in spoken language to convey confidence in the statement being made.
아니라
It’s not ‘A’ but ‘B’
Contain (ie foods that contain iron)
함유
-다고
According to someone “_____”
주다 vs 드다
주세요 - to request something
(please give___)
드세요 - to offer something
(Please have___)
-다면
If, when
(BUT emphasizes on the meaning of assuming something that is not true or has little chance of being realized.
ex) 하늘에서 음식이 내린다면 (It is the Korean title of the movie Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs)
Conjugated Verb+서라도 (formal; written)
OR
Conjugated Verb+더라도 (everyday; spoken)
Even if I have/had to ____
-마다
Every____
Verb -ㄴ / 은 지 + time
“Since”
often used to indicate the duration or elapsed time since a specific point in time. Here are some examples:
Basic Structure:
[Specific Point in Time] + “이/가” + “시작한 지” + [Duration]
Example Sentences:
2023년이 시작한 지 2주가 되었습니다. (It has been two weeks since the year 2023 started.)
저는 이 도시에 왔은 지 1년이 지났어요. (It has been a year since I came to this city.)
-고요
Incomplete sentences - “And” + polite ending
Used if finishing a sentence with and at end because it was afterthought (but you still add 요 to be polite)
Ie. 저녁 먹었어요. 아, 디저트도 먹었고요”
-을/ㄹ 테니까
Because it would be/could be/ might be
-구나
Expresses realization or recognition
“Ah, I see.” Or “So it is.”
-(으)려고 하다
Intend to
-기(가) 쉽다 / 어렵다
It is easy/difficult to…
*no one really uses/says the 가
Alternate adjs you can use that says same thing:
쉽다 = 기(가) 좋다, 편하다
어렵다 = 기(가) 불편하다, 힘들다
-(으)려고 vs -(으)려고 하다
-(으)려고
“Intending to”
Ie. 옷을 한 벌 사려고 백화점에 갔어요
-(으)려고 하다
“Intend to,
Ie. 청바지 하나 사려고 했는데 바빠서 못 갔어요
-(으)려고 해요 pronunciation in speech
-(으)ㄹ 라(구) 그래요
OR
-(으)ㄹ 라구 해요
*하다 can also be omitted if it’s a suffix/end ie. 자려고요
-(으)려고 pronunciation in speech
-(으)ㄹ라구
-나요
Sentence ending particle used to form questions
-고도
Even after, and yet
To be rugged, rough, dangerous, perilous, challenging, harsh
험하다
-더라
“From my own experience…”
Verb+아/어/여 있다
used to indicate the continuance of a state or existence. When you live, you remain living. When you stand, you remain standing.
It is used when a status has commenced and is still continuing on. Usually, this form is used in conjunction with passive voice:
앉아 있다 “he is sitting”
not to be confused with Verb + 고 있다 which requires an object ie “he is sitting in a chair”
Noun 말고 noun
OR
Verb+지 말고 verb
“Not ___ but ___”
- usually used in commands or proposals
Ie 뉴스 말고 드라마를 보세요
Or
놀지 말고 공부하세요
Verb+어도/아도 되다
OR
Verb+(으)면 되다
Asking permission
Ie 식당에서 담배 피워도 돼요?
- people also use 괜찮다 or 좋다 instead of 돼다
Verb+(으)면 안 되다
Prohibiting something
Ie 아니요, 피우면 안 돼요
안 Verb+어도/아도 되다
OR
Verb+지 않아도 되다
“It’s ok if you don’t ____”
Ie. “Do I have to wear a suit to the party?”
아니요, 정장 안 입어도 돼요
Verb+어도/아도 되다
OR
Verb+(으)면 되다
“It’s okay if you____”
Ie. Can I go home now?
네, 가도 돼요
- people also use 괜찮다 or 좋다 instead of 돼다
-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 것 같다
“It seems like/looks like”
Verb
Past -(으)ㄴ
Present -는
Future -(으)ㄹ
Adjective
Past -던
Present -(으)ㄴ
Future -(으)ㄹ
Noun
Noun 같다
같아요 pronunciation
같애요
-라도
”Even if…“
정도로
To the extent or degree of something
Ie. 그 정도로 “to that extent…”
Verb A+ㄹ/을수록 Verb B.
As you ___ you ____
Ie. 공부를 할수록 똑똑해요 = As you study more, you get smarter
-(으)면 되다
“All one needs is _____” ,
“only have to…”
-게 되다
Express a change in situation or turn of events
“Turns out that ___”
-어/아 본 적(이) 있다/없다
To express past experience
-었었/았었/ㅆ었
Remote past (no longer)
Adj.+게
Turns into adverb (-ly)
Ie 유창하게
Verb stem-+거든요
Ie 춥거든요
You see, you know (because)
Ie. there are two people, as you can see.
-는 길이다
(Conjugates to 는 길이에요)
Be on one’s way
Ie i am on my way to the grocery store
-는 길에
On one’s way
Ie on the way to the grocery, can you…
*always use -주 when asking a favor like “can you pick up on way to store”
Three days
사흘
Noun-+(이)요
It is ____
Adj + 하다
If talking about someone else
Ie 부모님께서 기뻐하셨겠네요
(The parents were glad)
ㄴㅈ
Pronounce “ㅈ“ strongly after ㄴ
Ie. Strongly like “shung”
-(으)려면
If…intends to
-어/아야지요
Expresses obligation (definitely/indeed/ought to/have to)
쉬 sound
Shh
OR
She
더 sound
Toh
