Grammar Flashcards
1st Per. Sg., Simple Past Tense
म / मैले + verb stem + ए / इन
म / मैले
म is used with intransitive verbs (no object); मैले is used with transitive verbs (object; ask “what?”)
म सुते
I slept
मैले खाए
I ate (what? pizza, eggs, etc.)
2nd Per. Sg., (formal) Simple Past Tense
तपाइँ (तपाइले) + full verb + भयो / भएन
Simple past with “garnu verbs”
always use मैले
Simple past, जानु is irregular =
stem जा changes to ग = म गए
मैले सुने
I heard
3rd Per. Sg. (formal) Simple Past Tense
वहा” / वहाले + full verb + भयो / भएन
1st Per. Pl. Simple Past Tense
हामि / (ले) + verb stem + यौ एनौ (both w/nasal: khaayau’ / khaaenau’)
2nd Per. Sg. Informal Past Tense
timi / (ले ) + verb stem + यौ एनौ
3rd Per. Sg. Informal Past Tense
ऊ / उसले + verb stem + यो / एन
3rd Per. Pl. Informal Past Tense
उनीहरु / (ले ) + verb stem + ए / एनन्
after one did something (after I ate, after eating)
past verb stem + एपछि
तपाइले खाना खाएपछि
after you ate
हिजो रातिमा उठेपछि सुत्न सकिन
After I woke up, I couldn’t sleep. (sutna sakina)
2 forms of purpose clause:
Most common form of purpose clause is:
Pres. tense verb stem + न + conjugated verb. But this form can also be used:
Inf.+ को लागि + conjugated verb.
past verb stem + एर
after doing something; having done something; and
lunch खएर, आए
after eating lunch, I came.
न + past verb stem + इकन
without doing something (ikana)
म lunch नखाइकन आए
I came without eating lunch.
म दात नमाझिकन सुत्दिन
I don’t sleep without brushing my teeth.
धुनु : irregular past tense stem
धो
रुनु : irregular past tense stem
(runu: to cry) रो
छुनु : irregular past tense stem
(to touch) छो
