Grammar Flashcards
Rules for Human (human traits, professions, nationalities) Sound Masculine Plurals?
add -َونَ / ين
example: مِصْرِيّ becomes مِصْرِيّون / مِصْرِيّين
the adjectives follows the masculine plural (add -َونَ / ين ). In other words, human plurals take plural agreement.
example: هُم طُلّاب قطريّون
Rules for Nonhuman Plurals?
Nonhuman plurals always treated as if they were a single group, hence the adjectives follows the singular feminine، despite if the noun is masculine or feminine.
In other words, all nonhuman plurals take feminine singular agreement.
example:
الأمم المتحدة
الأمم - nations (masc. nonhuman plurals)
المتحدة - united (singular feminine)
جامعات كبيرة
جامعات - universities (plural feminine)
كبيرة - big (singular feminine)
Rules for Feminine Plurals?
add - ات
example: جامعة becomes جامعات
all feminine human plural nouns and adjectives end in - ات except the words for women.
After using كُنتُ, (I was) the verb used must be present or past tense?
present
example: انا كنت أدرس
أدرس is a present tense
Rules for Human (human traits, professions, nationalities) Sound Feminine Plurals?
the adjectives follows the feminine plural (add - ات ). In other words, human plurals take plural agreement.
Rules of Construct Phase / الإضافة ?
It’s = “of”
مكتب الأُستاذ the teacher’s office
جامعة الخرطوم university of Khartoum
2) definite noun:
1- ال
2- possessive pronoun - والدي
3- proper noun - جامعة نويورك
3) ة must always pronounced as ت
Rules of Nisba Adjective
Adjectives that generally indicate origin or affiliation, especially in reference to a place.
add suffix - يّ for مذكّر and يّة for مؤنّث
To form a nisba adjective from a place noun:
- remove all ة, ال, and final ا or يا
- add the appropriate nisba ending يّ or يّة
Example:
ماليزيا —> مليريّ
Rules of adjectives
- Adjectives are placed after nouns.
- Adjectives follow the gender of the noun that comes before that.
Example: فِكرة جيِّدة
- Adjectives also will have ال if the noun has ال
Example: العِطر العربيّ
Rules of object pronouns (ضمائر النصب), indicating the object of verb.
Verb + pronouns
لا أتذكرها !
All pronoun forms that used as objects of verbs match the possessive pronouns except me - ني instead of -ىي in possessive pronouns.
Rule of numbers with nouns
Numbers from 3 -10
- followed by a plural noun
- e.g. ٣ كتب
Numbers from 11-100
- followed by a singular noun
- singular nouns that follow number 11-99 written with ً ending. The same rules apply to the interrogative كم؟
- e.g. ٢٠ كتاباً
Types of sentences
الجملة الأسمية The nominal sentence
- begins with a noun or pronoun
- Usually consist of definite مبتداء and indefinite خبر
الجملة الفعلية The verbal sentence
- begins with a verb
- the subject of the verb is either contained in the verb itself:
لا اتذكر كل الكلمات الجديدة
or is expressed as a noun following the verb
يعمل والد مها في الأمم المتحدة
Most sentences can be expressed either as جملة اسمية and جملة فعلية.
Rule of noun-adjective agreement
السم والصفة
Both noun and adjective need to agree on 4 things:
1) numbers العدد - singular مفرد or plural جمع
2) gender النوع - masculine مذكر or feminine مؤنث
3) indefinite noun نكرة or definite noun معرفه
4) — to be learned later —
Example:
بناية عالية
Both are singular, feminine and indefinite nouns.
When to use an adjective with ً and when you don’t?
قليلاً - describing a verb
قليل - describing a noun
Rules of definite nouns (معرفة)
- Noun + ال
- Possessive suffixes (صديقي)
- Noun + شخض (name of a country, name of place) [proper noun]
- إضافة
- هذا / هذه
- أنا، أنت، أنتم
Rule of المصدر (the source form of the verb / infinitive verb)
- Expresses the abstract idea of an action
- an action that has no time reference or tense.
- always be definite (sometimes as the first word in an إضافة
- it can’t take a subject
- it’s a noun, not an adjective
