Grammar Flashcards
あります
います
Uses が as opposed to は
Uses に instead of で
Used to say this is something, you or someone else has something, or an event will take place
かようびにテストがあります
There will be a test on Tuesday.
くつがあります
I have shoes.
あそこきっさてんにあります
There is a cafe over there.
In the case of an event taking place, the あります sentence will use で for a location instead of に
The difference between あります and です is that あります says a thing exists or will happen, and です is describing an attribute.
ありません and じゃありません sound similar but the negative form “to be” included the じゃ／でわ
います is used to say there is a person.
りゅうがくせいがいます
There is an international student.
Describing location
XはYの
マクドナルドはあのデパートのまえです
The McDonald’s is in front of that department store.
図書館はあのきっさてんとあのほんやのあいだてす
The library is between that cafe and that book store.
病院は公園のそばです
The hospital is near the park.
あなたのくつはドアのそばてす
Your shoes are by the door.
私のほんはあのテーブルの下てす
My book is under that table.
Describing an action in a place using location words
Use で after the location word.
私は家の前であなたをまちました
I waited for you in front of my house.
田中さんはきっさてんのなかどコーヒをのみました
Tanaka drank coffee inside the cafe.
Past tense
The tail of the verb becomes
ました
And
ませんでした
まエーリさんは九時ごろうちに帰りました
Mary came home around nine.
きのう日本語のべんきょうませんでした
I did not not study Japanese language yesterday.
となり よこ
Both are used to describe when something is near.
となり is used when the items belong to the same category, i.e two people, two buildings etc.
よこ is used when the items do not belong to the same category.
きっさてんはこうえんのとなりです
Vs
あなたのねこはコンビニのよこです
Past tense of です
でした
じゃありませんでした
Adding quantities
The quantity number or phrase like たくさん or あまり can go directly before the acted upon object, or it can go after the を.
京都でしゃしんをたくさん撮りました
I took many photos in Kyoto.
今日学校の中でたくさん人をありました
There were a lot of people inside the school today.
Duration of an activity
Use of the bare noun じかん with no particle comes immediately before the verb.
私はそこであなたをじかん待ちました
I waited there for you for an hour.
For an approximate measurement, use ぐらい after じかん
私は昨日図書館で日本語訳を三時間ぐらい勉強しました
I studied Japanese at the library for about three hours yesterday.
と
と is used to connect two nouns, or to say that someone is doing/will do/did something with someone.
日本語と英語を話ます
I speak English and Japanese
あそこ公園とえきと図書館があります
There is a park, a station and a library over there.
あしたマエリさんはスーさんと京都と大阪にいきます
Mary and Sue are going to Kyoto and Osaka tomorrow.
も
も is used when something shared the same attribute as another thing. It can also be used when two or more people perform the same activity, or when someone see, eats, buys, etc., more than one thing.
私はきのう京都にいきました
やましたせんせいもきのう京都にいきました
I went to Kyoto yesterday. Professor Yamashita also went to Kyoto yesterday.
マエーリさんはきのうくつとトレーナーをかいました
マエーリさんはかばんとほうしもかいました
Mary bought shoes and a sweatshirt yesterday. She also bought a bag and a hat.
も replaces は、が、or を in these cases.
With verbs, the も goes after the に
私は先週ゆびんきょくとスーパにいきました
私は学校にもいきました
I went to the post office and the supermarket last week. I also went to the school.
ロバートさんは土曜日にパティにいきました。ロバートさんは日曜日にパティにもいきました。
Robert went to a party on Saturday. He also went to a party on Sunday.
まえ、むかい、うしろ、のうら
まえ will sometimes be used as a way to say “across from” or “opposite”. Another word used to say “across from” is むかい
When something is behind or hidden from view by X, you can use うしろ、or のうら
えっ、あっ
えっ means “what” and is used when you hear something that is hard to believe. あっ is used when you notice or remember something. The small っ indicates the sound will be very short
はん
はん is used after じかん
にじかんはん two and a half hours.
のうら
Can be used interchangeably with うしろ
