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Minna No Nihongo > Grammar > Flashcards

Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

(Noun) が欲しい

A

I want (noun)

Notes:
• To express the state of one’s desire
• Volition case
• This construction is only used with nouns
• Particle が comes before

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2
Q

~を(verb-ます form)たい

A

I want to ~ (verb)

Notes:
• To express the state of one’s desire
• Volition case
• This construction is only used with verbs
• Particle を comes before

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3
Q

placeへ(verb ますform)に行きます／来ます／帰ります

A

Go to (place) to do (verb)

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4
Q

placeへ(noun)に行きます／来ます／帰ります

A

Go to (place) to do (noun)

Notes:

・For the construction (noun-します), only the noun is used.
Example - 買い物します becomes 買い物

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5
Q

どこか

A

Anywhere/somewhere

Notes:
・To express the location
・Particle へ comes before

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6
Q

何か
(なにか)

A

Anything/ something

Notes:
・To express the location
・Particle を comes before

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7
Q

て-form verbs

Group 1

買います (かいます)
待ちます (まちます)
座ります (すわります)

A

い、ち、り→って

買って
待って
座って

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8
Q

て-form verbs

Group 1

飲みます (のみます)
呼びます (よびます)
死にます (しにます)

A

み、び、に→んで

飲んで
呼んで
死んで

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9
Q

て-form verbs

Group 1

聞きます(ききます)

Exception →　行きます (いきます)

A

き→いて

聞いて

Exception →　行って

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10
Q

て-form verbs

Group 1

泳ぎます(およぎます)

A

ぎ→いで

泳いで

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11
Q

て-form verbs

Group 1

消します(けします)

A

し→して

消して

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12
Q

て-form verbs

Group 2　

食べます(たべます)

A

Add て

食べて

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13
Q

て-form verbs

Group 3　

勉強します(べんきょうします)
来ます(きます)

A

Add て

勉強して
来て

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14
Q

verb て-form をください

A

Please do~

Note:

・Not a very polite way of asking someone to do something
・Often used together with the expression すみません

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15
Q

verb て-form います

A

verb-ing

Note:
• progressive tense
• to show a state/ occupation/ habitual action over a long period of time

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16
Q

verb ます-form ましょうか？

A

Shall I ~?

Notes:
・Speaker is offering to do something for the listener

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17
Q

noun が verb

雨が降っている

A

Notes:
・Describing phenomenon by what is felt through the 5 senses
・Telling someone objectively about an event

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18
Q

verb て-form もいいですか？

verb て-form もいい?

A

May I do ~?

Notes:
• Seeking permission to do something

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19
Q

verb て-form はいけません

verb て-form はいけない

A

You must not do ~

Notes:
• Prohibition
• Hierarchy is that someone of higher authority can use this but not vice-versa

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20
Q

noun に verb

A

Notes:
• Target particle
• Used with the verbs - 入ります、乗ります、登ります、つきます、座ります

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21
Q

verb て-form, verb て-form

A

Notes:
• Joining 2 or more sentences together
•The actions joined together take place one after the other in the order mentioned

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22
Q

い-adj くて、い-adj くて

な-adjで、な-adjで

Nounで、nounで

A

Notes:
• ~くて is used to link い-adjectives
• ~で is used to link な-adjectives and nouns

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23
Q

Verb1 て-form から、verb2

A

Notes:
• Verb2 expresses something done after verb 1

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24
Q

Noun1 は noun2 が adjective

A

Sentence pattern indicates that the topic noun1 has characteristics indicated in “noun2 が adjective”

Example
京都はお茶が多いです

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25
Q

Noun を verb

A

Verbs like でます and おります are used together with the particle を, which indicates a starting point

Example
電車を降ります

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26
Q

どやって

A

When asking the way or how to do something

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27
Q

どれ/どの noun

A

Used when asking someone to specify one item out of a list of 3 or more.

Notes:
• Interrogative/ used in question-like sentences

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28
Q

ない-form

Group 1

A

い becomes あ
ち becomes た
り becomes ら
み becomes ま
び becomes ば
に becomes な
き becomes か
ぎ becomes が
し becomes さ

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29
Q

ない-form

Group 2

食べます (たべます)

A

Add ない

食べない

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30
Q

ない-form

Group 3

します

A

Add ない

しない

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31
Q

Verb ない-form ないでください

A

Please do not~

Notes:
• Tell someone not to do something
• Can also be used to show consideration. E.g. 心配しないでください (please do not worry)

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32
Q

Verb ない-form なければなりません

A

Must do

Notes:
• Say something must be done

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33
Q

Verb ない-form もいいです

A

Need not do

Notes:
• Saying it is not necessary to do something

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34
Q

Time までに verb

A

Indicates a time by which an event will end or an action must be completed

Notes:
• まで indicates an end point of a continuous action

Example:
• 来週まで versus 来週までに

> 1st implies studying everyday
2nd implies not every day

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35
Q

辞書 (じしょ) form

Group 1

A

い becomes う
ち becomes つ
り becomes る
み becomes む
び becomes ぶ
に becomes ぬ
き becomes く
ぎ becomes ぐ
し becomes す

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36
Q

辞書 (じしょ) form

Group 2

A

る is added to the ます form

食べますー> 食べる

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37
Q

辞書 (じしょ) form

Group 3

A

します becomes する

来ます becomes くる

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38
Q

Noun ができます

Verb 辞書-form ことができます

A

Can do

Notes:
• noun indicating motion like driving (e.g. 運転ができる means i can drive)
• noun representing ability like japanese or piano (e.g. ピアノができる means i can play piano)

• こと is added to a verb to make it a noun phrase. こと is a nominaliser.

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39
Q

趣味は noun です

趣味は verb 辞書-form ことです

A

My hobby/interest is ~

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40
Q

Verb1 辞書-form 前に、 verb2

Nounの 前に、 verb2

Quantifier (time period) 前に、 verb2

A

Before verb 2, ~

Notes:
1) verb 2 occurs before verb 1

2) のis always added after the noun

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41
Q

た-form verbs

Group 1

買います (かいます)
待ちます (まちます)
座ります (すわります)

A

い、ち、り→た

買った
待った
座った

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42
Q

た-form verbs

Group 1

飲みます (のみます)
呼びます (よびます)
死にます (しにます)

A

み、び、に→んだ

飲んだ
呼んだ
死んだ

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43
Q

た-form verbs

Group 1

聞きます(ききます)

Exception →　行きます (いきます)

A

き→いた

聞いた

Exception →　行った

44
Q

た-form verbs

Group 1

泳ぎます(およぎます)

A

ぎ→いだ

泳いだ

45
Q

た-form verbs

Group 1

消します(けします)

A

し→した

消した

46
Q

た-form verbs

Group 2　

食べます(たべます)

A

Add た

食べた

47
Q

た-form verbs

Group 3　

勉強します(べんきょうします)
来ます(きます)

A

Add た

勉強した
来た

48
Q

なかなか

A

Not easily/ not as expected

Notes:
• Followed by a negative expression

49
Q

ぜひ

A

By all means/ definitely/ certainly

Notes:
•To intensify their expression of hope

50
Q

Verb た-form ことがあります

A

Have experience of verb-ing

Notes:
• What happened in the past as a particular experience

51
Q

Verb 1 た-formり、verb2 た-formり します

A

Verb1, verb2 etc

Notes:
• Citing 2 or more actions/verbs
• Actions/verbs are not necessarily performed in succession (one after another)
• Tense is indicated at the end of the sentence
• します implies repeated actions
• しました implies actions related to that particular occurence

52
Q

い-adj くなります

A

なります means become

For い-adj, the final い is dropped and replaced with く. Such as 若くなりすまし (わかくなります)

53
Q

な-adj になります

Noun になります

A

なります means become

For な-adj, な is dropped. きれいな becomes きれいになります

54
Q

けど

A

But

Notes:
• Works the same way as が
• More conversational

55
Q

Plain form/辞書-form と思います

A

I think that

Notes:
• Particle と is always added before 思います
• plain form is the same as 辞書-form
• Can be used for the following:
- stating an opinion
- expressing conjecture

56
Q

subjectについてどう思いますか

A

Used to ask someone about their opinion

57
Q

そう思います

A

I agree/think so

Notes:
• Used to express agreement with someone else’s opinion

58
Q

“Sentences”と言います

A

Reporting speech directly. Quote on quote/verbatim of what was said by someone else or yourself.

Notes:
・ Tense quoted in the sentence is not affected by the tense of the main sentence

59
Q

辞書 - formと言います

A

Reporting speech indirectly.

Notes:
・Tense quoted in the sentence is not affected by the tense of the main sentence

60
Q

誰に「sentence」と言います

A

に indicates the person spoken to

61
Q

Verb/ い- adj/ な-adj/ noun でしょう？

A

Used to seek agreement or confirmation from the listener

Notes:
・辞書-form/ plain form
・だ is dropped for the noun

62
Q

Place 1 で noun があります

A

To take place/ to be held/ to occur

Notes:
・Noun refers to a ceremony or event (e.g. party, concert, diaster)

63
Q

Occasionで

A

で　marks an occasion at which an action takes place

Example
会議（かいぎ）で何か意見（いけん）を言いましたか？

64
Q

Noun でも verb

A

Used when recommending, suggesting, or expressing a hope for something

Example
ちょっとビール でも 飲みませんか？

65
Q

Verb ない-formないと

A

Must do

Notes:
・いけません is omitted from the grammatical phrase ないといけません

・ないといけませんの意味はなければなりませんと一緒

66
Q

Noun modification clause

A

Adjectives, nouns,verbs currently modify a noun as such:

優しい人
きれいな人
19歳の人
京都住んで人

Verbs can also be nominalised to modify nouns by using the plain form of the verb and attaching it before the noun/ noun phrase being modified

The subject of the modifying clause is marked with が

カリナさんはこの絵を描いた。好きです。→　カリナさんがかいた絵が好きです。

67
Q

辞書-form 時間／約束／用事

A

Used to talk about time required for doing something or describing an appointment/errand

68
Q

Verb ます-formましょうか？

A

Shall we…?

Notes:
・Suggesting to listener the speaker and listener do something together
・Offering to do something for the listener

69
Q

Verb 辞書-form/ verb ない-form/ い-adj/ な-adj/ nounの + とき

A

• とき is used to connect 2 sentences together while expressing a time or occasion when the clause after とき clause occured/exists

• Tense of the clause modifying とき does NOT affect tense of main sentence/clause

70
Q

Verb 辞書-form + とき followed by main clause

A

• What is described in main clause occurs BEFORE the とき clause

• 会社員へ行くとき、朝ごはんを食べます => I will eat breakfast before going to office

71
Q

Verb た-form + とき followed by main clause

A

• What is described in main clause occurs AFTER the とき clause

• 会社員へ行たとき、朝ごはんを食べます => I will go to office, then I will eat breakfast

72
Q

Verb 辞書-form + と followed by main clause

A

• If a certain action/ situation/ phenomenon occurs, the subsequent action/situation/ phenomenon will inevitably occur

• ボタンを押すと、ドアを開けます。 => When you press the button, the door will open.

73
Q

Noun が adjective

A

• が used when describing how a phenomenon is being perceived

• が can be used with verb sentences and adjectives

Example
声が小さい

74
Q

Noun を verb

A

• を is comes always together with a motion verb

• 散歩します、渡ります(わたります)、歩きます

75
Q

くれます

A

・ Use when a 3rd person is giving something to the speaker .

・ The 3rd person becomes the focus of the conversation. 友達はわたしにプレセントをくれます。

76
Q

Verb て-form + あげます

A

・ Person doing the action is the subject

・Action confers some kind of benefit on the recipient. However if recipient is a higher status, should use ましょうか

・私は友達に本を貸してあげま。=> I lent my friend a book.

77
Q

Verb て-form + もらいます

A

・ Speaker feels that the subject (not the speaker) has received some benefit from the action performed by the subject.

・友達に図書館の電話番号を教えてもらいます。=> My friend told me the telephone number of the library

78
Q

Verb て-form + くれます

A

・ Person performing the action is the subject.

・私を大阪城（じょう）へ連（つ）れて行ってくれます。=> He takes me to osaka castle

79
Q

Noun 1 は noun 2 が verb

A

・When the verb is くれます, the pattern is used to denote what item by who is given to the speaker.

・このケーキはミラーさんがくれました。=> i received this cake from Mr Mila.

80
Q

た-form verbs

Group 1

買います (かいます)
待ちます (まちます)
座ります (すわります)

A

い、ち、り→たら

買ったら
待ったら
座ったら

81
Q

た-form verbs

Group 1

飲みます (のみます)
呼びます (よびます)
死にます (しにます)

A

み、び、に→だら

飲んだら
呼んだら
死んだら

82
Q

た-form verbs

Group 1

聞きます(ききます)

Exception →　行きます (いきます)

A

き→いたら

聞いたら

Exception →　行ったら

83
Q

た-form verbs

Group 1

泳ぎます(およぎます)

A

ぎ→いだら

泳いだら

84
Q

た-form verbs

Group 1

消します(けします)

A

し→したら

消したら

85
Q

い- adjective conditional form

A

・あつい→あつ + かった + ら
・いい→良 + かった + ら

86
Q

な-adjective conditional form

A

・簡単（かんたん)→簡単 + だった + ら

87
Q

noun conditional form

A

・雨（あめ)→雨 + だった + ら

88
Q

Plain past form-ら、 ～(main clause)

A

・If…

・Conditional form

・the clause that follows described what will happen if the conditional clause were true.

・the clause that follows the conditional is used to express the speaker’s opinion, wishes, invitations, requests.

・お金があったら、旅行します。=> If i had some money, I’d go travelling.

・やすかったら、パソコンを買いたいです。=> I’d like to buy a PC if i can find a cheap one.

89
Q

verb た-form ら、～(main clause)

A

・When/After/Once…

・Express that a certain action will be done or a certain situation will arise on the completion or occurrence of a matter, action or state that the speaker is certain will happen.

・家へ帰ったら、すぐシャワーをあびます。=> I take a shower as soon as i get home.

90
Q

Verb て-form　+　も　、～(main clause)
Verb ない-form なくて　+　も　～(main clause)
い-adjective (～い）→　～くて　+　も　～(main clause)
な-adjective [な]→　～で　+　も　～(main clause)
Noun で　+　も　～(main clause)

A

・Even if…

・Present contrasting conditions. The clause that follows て-form も (the main clause) describes something that will happen that would not normally be expected to happen if what was stated in the main clause were true.

・日曜日でも、働きます。=> I’m going to work, even if it’s Sunday.

91
Q

もし

A

・Used in conjunction with ～たら to give notice that the clause following it is conditional.

・もし時間があったら、旅行します。=> If i have time, i’d go travelling.

92
Q

Subject of a subordinate clause

A

・The subject of a subordinate clause containing ～てから or ～ても is also marked by が.

・友達が約束の時間に来なかったら、どうしますか。=> What will you do if your friends don’t arrive at the agreed time?

93
Q

verb plain form　+　んです
い-adjective plain form　+　んです
な-adjective plain form　+　んです
noun -な　＋　んです

A

・～んです is used to explain causes, reasons, grounds

・used in spoken while のです used in written.

94
Q

～んですか

A

The expression is used for the following:
1) Speaker guesses the reason or cause as to what was seen or heard then confirms whether the speaker is correct

2) Speaker asks for information about what was seen or heard.

3) Speaker asks the listener to explain the reason or cause of what was seen or heard.

4) Asking for an explanation of a situation.

95
Q

～んです

A

The expression is used as a response to a question for the following:

1) explain the reason or cause as an answer to speaker’s question.

2) expansion of an answer. For example

Q：毎朝新聞を読みますか。
A：いいえ。時間がなんです。

96
Q

～んですが、～

A

・Used to introduce a topic, followed by a request, invitation or an expression seeking permission.

・NHKを見学（けんがく）したいんですが、どうしたらいいですか？ => I want t tour NHK. How can I do that?

97
Q

Verb て-form いただけませんか

A

・Would you please do me the favour of ～ing?

・Request expression that is politer than ～てください

98
Q

Interrogative (who, when, what, which, how, where) 　＋　verb て-form　＋　ら　＋　いいですか

A

・～たらいいですか？

・細（こま）かいお金がないんですが、どうしたらいいですか。=> I don’t have any small change. What shall i do?

99
Q

Noun(object)は～

A

・Objects indicated by が can also be highlighted by は

100
Q

Potential form verbs (え-line)

Group 1

買います (かいます)
待ちます (まちます)
座ります (すわります)

A

い、ち、り→え、て、れ

買えます
待てます
座れます

101
Q

Potential form verbs (え-line)

Group 1

飲みます (のみます)
呼びます (よびます)
死にます (しにます)

A

み、び、に→め、べ、ね

飲めます
呼べます
死ねます

102
Q

Potential form verbs (え-line)

Group 1

聞きます(ききます)
行きます (いきます)

A

き→け

聞けます
行けます

103
Q

Potential form verbs (え-line)

Group 1

泳ぎます(およぎます)

A

ぎ→げ

泳げます

104
Q

Potential form verbs (え-line)

Group 1

消します(けします)

A

し→せ

消せます

105
Q

Potential form verbs (ます-form but drop ます　＋　られ)

Group 2　

食べます(たべます)
調べんす(しらべます)
降ります(おります)

Exception →わかる

A

食べ＋られ＋ます／る→食べられます／食べられる

調べられま／調べられる
降りられま／降りられる

Exception →わかる, does not change to わかれる

106
Q

Potential form verbs

Group 3　

勉強します(べんきょうします)
来ます(きます)
します

A

勉強できます
来（こ）られる
できます

107
Q
A

Minna No Nihongo (6 decks)

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