Grammar

Question 1

noun

Answer 1

Существительное

A word or set of words for a:
person
place
thing
or idea

May be:
compound
common or proper
.

Question 2

compound noun

Answer 2

Составное существительное

A noun of more than one word

Question 3

common noun

Answer 3

Имя нарицательное

Word for a general class of:
people
places
things
and ideas

Question 4

proper noun

Answer 4

Имя собственное

Name specific people, places, and things.
Always capitalized.

Question 5

verb

Answer 5

Глагол

Action word.

A word or set of words that shows:
action
feeling
state of being

Question 6

linking verb

Answer 6

Связующий глагол

State-of-being verbs do not mean real acting in any way (e.g. describing appearance).
Require a complement that refers to the subject and completes its meaning.
May be imagined as an equal sign between the subject and its complement.
Linking verbs are intransitive, but a non-linking meaning may be transitive.

The complement may be:
adjective
noun
pronoun
possessive pronoun
also only for "be" - adverbs ((prepositional) phrase) of time or place.

Question 7

List of linking verbs

Answer 7

Frequent:
be, become, seem, look, taste, feel, appear

Other:
may / might / can / should be
act, come, do
get, go, grow
indicate, keep, must, prove, remain
smell, sound, stay
turn, wax

Question 8

pronoun

Answer 8

Местоимение

A word that takes the place of a noun

May be of types:
subject - he
object - him
possessive - his

May be personal.
When a pronoun is linked with a noun by and, mentally remove the and + noun phrase to avoid trouble.
Do not combine a subject pronoun and an object pronoun in phrases like her and I or he and me.

If two people possess the same item, and one of the joint owners is written as a pronoun, use the possessive form for both:
not “Maribel and my home”
but “Maribel’s and my home”.
Use possessive adjectives in such cases, not possessive pronouns.

Question 9

adjective

Answer 9

Имя прилагательное

A word or set of words that modifies (i.e., describes) a noun or pronoun.
Adjectives may come before or after the word they modify.

Question 10

possessive pronoun

Answer 10

Притяжательное местоимение

yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs, and whose

Never need apostrophes. No her’s and your’s. “It’s” only for “it is” or “it has”.

Question 11

adverb

Answer 11

Наречие

A word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Adverbs answer how, when, where, why, or to what extent - how often or how much.

Question 12

phrasal verb

Answer 12

Фразовый глагол

A verb of more than one word

Question 13

subject

Answer 13

Подлежащее

Noun, pronoun, or set of words that perform the verb.
May be several subjects.
To find the subject and verb, always find the verb first. Then ask who or what performed the verb.
Any request or command, such as “Stop!” or “Walk quickly”, has the understood subject “you”.

Question 14

gerund

Answer 14

Verbal noun

Verbs with -ing added to them.
Used as nouns.

Question 15

verbal noun

Answer 15

Gerund

Question 16

sentence verb

Answer 16

Сказуемое

May be:
transitive, intransitive, or both (depending on meaning)
several verbs
.
An infinitive is not the main verb.
May take direct and indirect objects.
May require prepositions to complete a sentence.

Question 17

participle

Answer 17

Form of a verb used with helping verbs to make verb tenses or is used to form adjectives

Question 18

helping verb

Answer 18

Вспомогательный глагол

Other names - modal or auxiliary verb, verb marker.

A verb that combines with the main verb to form a verb phrase

Help clarify the intended meaning

Question 19

List of helping verbs

Answer 19

is
may, might, can, shall, must, 
do, 
has, help, get, 
keep, 
start

Question 20

direct object

Answer 20

Прямое дополнение

A single noun, a phrase, or even a clause.
Receive the action of the verb carried out by the subject.

Question 21

indirect object

Answer 21

Косвенное дополнение

Receive the direct object.
May be a word or phrase.
Appears between the verb and the direct object.
A word or phrase is an indirect object if it can follow the direct object with a prepositional phrase that begins with
to,
for,
and occasionally of.

Question 22

preposition

Answer 22

Предлог

A word or set of words that expresses a relationship to noun or pronoun (the object of the preposition).
Usually provide information such as what, where, when, and whom.
Goes before its noun or pronoun, or at the end of a sentence.
Do not use extra prepositions when the meaning is clear without them.
Without the (omitted) noun or pronoun, it isn’t a preposition.

Question 23

object of a preposition

Answer 23

Объект предлога

Noun or pronoun that the preposition affects or describes.

Question 24

infinitive

Answer 24

Инфинитив

A verb follows “to”

Question 25

split infinitive

Answer 25

An infinitive with a word between the “to” and the verb.

Split infinitives tend to be clumsy and unnecessary.
Experienced writers do not use them without good reason.

Question 26

intransitive verb

Answer 26

Непереходный глагол

Does not need a direct object to complete its meaning.
May appear transitive but isn’t because of understood omission in context.

Question 27

-ly in adverbs

Answer 27

Many adverbs end in -ly, but many do not. Generally, if a word can have -ly added to its adjective form, place it there to form an adverb.

Be careful - an adverb that answers the question “how” may be actually an adjective with a linking verb.

Question 28

good vs well

Answer 28

Good is an adjective, whose adverb equivalent is well.

When referring to health, well is used as an adjective more often than good.

Question 29

Adjective and adverb degrees

Answer 29

positive:
normal or usual form

comparative:
-er, more

superlative:
-est, most
used only when comparing three or more things

In formal usage, adverb degrees are constructed only with more / most.

Question 30

this, that, these, and those

Answer 30

Adjectives if followed by a noun, otherwise - pronouns

Question 31

gerund, direct-object, prepositional phrase

Question 32

relative clause

Question 33

transitive verb

Answer 33

Переходный глагол

Requires a direct object to finish its meaning

Question 34

modal verb

Answer 34

helping verb

Question 35

auxiliary verb

Answer 35

helping verb

Question 36

verb marker

Answer 36

helping verb

Question 37

verbal noun

Answer 37

Gerund

Question 38

action word

Answer 38

Verb

Question 39

Transitive verbs that often allow indirect objects

Answer 39

bring
give
make
offer
tell
show, send, sell

Question 40

preposition “like”

Answer 40

The proposition “like” means “similar to” or “similarly to.”
It should be followed by an object of the preposition (noun, pronoun, noun phrase), not by a subject and verb. Rule of thumb: Avoid like when a verb is involved (e.g. noun + verb).
Instead of like, use “as”, “as if”, “as though”, or “the way” when following a comparison with a subject and verb.
“As” means “in the same manner that.” Rule of thumb: Do not use “as” unless there is a verb involved.

Question 41

preposition “of”

Answer 41

The preposition “of” should never be used in place of the helping verb “have”

Question 42

preposition “from”

Answer 42

It is a good practice to follow “different” with the preposition “from”, not “than”.
But - “It is no different for men than it is for women” is better.

Question 43

preposition “into” vs “in”

Answer 43

into - motion toward something.

in - to tell the location.

Question 44

prepositional phrase

Answer 44

Предложный оборот

Prepositional phrase - preposition with the object of the preposition.

A descriptive prepositional phrase often appears next to the noun or verb it modifies, usually to its right.
Sometimes, the prepositional phrase might be moved as a matter of style or effect.

Question 45

couple of

Answer 45

a couple more dollars = a couple of dollars more

a couple too few dollars = a couple of dollars too few

Question 46

off of

Answer 46

“Get off my cloud”, not “Get off of my cloud”

Question 47

out Of

Answer 47

Only door and window are exceptions:
We hurried out the door
I stared out the window
.

Question 48

outside of

Answer 48

Of is unnecessary with outside.
Do not use where “outside” of is not literal, such as “Outside of you, I have no one”. There are better alternatives, including except for, other than, besides, apart from, and aside from.

Question 49

subject pronoun

Answer 49

Субъектное местоимение

I, he, she, we, they, who, whoever, etc.

Used when the pronoun is the subject of the sentence.
Also used if they rename the subject, but not “I”, “she”, and “they”, if they follow “to be”. “Me”, “her” and “them” are used in the latter case.

Question 50

personal pronoun

Answer 50

личное местоимение

I, you, he, she, we, they

When who refers to a personal pronoun, it takes the verb that agrees with that pronoun.

Question 51

object pronoun

Answer 51

Объектное местоимение

me, him, herself, us, them, themselves

May be:
direct object
indirect object
object of a preposition
.

Question 52

pronouns who, that, and which

Answer 52

May be singular or plural depending on the subject.

Att: “He is one of those men who are always on time”.
The plural is used because “Of those men who are always on time, he is one”.

Question 53

singular pronoun

Answer 53

I, he, she, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, someone, somebody, each, either, neither

Using “of” after a singular pronoun doesn’t change the rule, regardless of what follows “of”.
When “each” follows a noun or pronoun as an adjunct, then “each” takes a plural verb.

Question 54

pronoun after “than” or “as”

Answer 54

To decide whether to use the subject or object pronoun after the words “than” or “as”, mentally complete the sentence:
Tranh is as smart as she (is)
Daniel would rather talk to her than I (would) / (to) me.

Question 55

reflexive pronoun

Answer 55

Возвратное местоимение

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves

Used when:
both the subject and the object of a verb are the same person or thing - “Joe helped himself”
the object of a preposition refers to a previous noun or pronoun - “Joe bought it for himself.”
for emphasis
.
Don’t use reflexive pronoun unless a personal or object pronoun precedes it in the sentence (including the case the latter is omitted):
“Please give it to John or me”, but “You saw me being myself”.
But in certain cases, a reflexive pronoun may come first:
“Doubting himself, the man proceeded cautiously.”

There is no apostrophe in oneself.

Question 56

they and their

Answer 56

Avoid they and its variants (e.g., them, their, themselves) with previously singular nouns or pronouns:
not “Someone has to do it, and they have to do it well.”
but “Someone has to do it, and has to do it well.”