grammar Flashcards
아니다
to not be
이다
to be
~이/가 아니다
to not be (added to a verb or adjective stem)
없다
to not have/be
있다
to have/to be
싫어하다
to not like
좋아하다
to like
우리
we/us/our
저의
our/we/us formal (or ‘my’)
처음
the first time/ beginning/ first
마지막
last
개 (particle)
counter for things
번 (counter)
counter for actions
대 (counter)
counter for cars
분 (counter)
minute
살 (counter)
age counter
초 (counter)
seconds
시 (counter)
hour
명 (counter)
counter for people
많더
to be a lot of (many)
되다
to become
일 (#)
1 (one) sino
이 (#)
2 (two) sino
삼
3 (three) sino
사 (#)
4 (four) sino
오
5 (five) sino
육
6 (six) sino
칠 (sino)
7 (seven) sino
팔
8 (eight) sino
구
9 (nine) sino
십
10 (ten) sino
백 (#)
100 (one hundred) sino
천
1,000 (thousand) sino
만
10,000 (ten thousand) sino
sino korean numbers are used for:
counting/money/measurment/math/phone #’s/talking about time EXCEPT for the hour, names of each month
하나
1 (pure korean)
둘
2 (pure korean)
셋
3 (pure korean)
넷
4 (pure korean)
다섯
5 (pure korean)
여섯
6 (pure korean)
일곱
7 (pure korean)
여덟
8 (pure korean)
아홉
9 (pure korean)
열
10 (pure korean)
스물
20 (pure korean)
서른
30 (pure korean)
마흔
40 (pure korean)
쉰
50 (pure korean)
pure korean numbers are used for:
counting things, people, actions, the hour, age, not used much after 59
영
0 zero (the number)
공
zero, nothing, used for phone #s
몃 살이에요?
how old are you?
번째 (particle)
add after number to make (first, second, third, etc)
use pure korean numbers
첫 번째
first
동안 (adverb)
word/particle to indicate how long an action occurs, basically ‘for’ this amount of time
시간
time, and put after a number when counting the amount of hours, like ‘i did this for 3 hours’
지난
last (as in previous)
다음 (adverb)
next
일 (counter)
counter for days (use sino korean #s)
하루
one day
날
the word for day (not a counter)
달 (counter)
month counter (pure korean numbers)
개월 (counter)
month counter (sino korean numbers)
년 (counter)
year counter
작년
last year
내년
next year
이번
‘this’ week/month (must put the word for week or month after to indicate which one)
~에
time/place particle but ALSO can mean ‘per’
몇 (particle)
some, particle for things, like ‘i bought some apples’
들 (particle)
make something plural (only for people)
~만 (particle)
only
에 서
to denote a location where an action is being done (wouldnt use for ‘i’m at the restaurant’ but would use for ‘i’m eating at the restaurant’
여기서
from here
거기서
from there
(으)로
with/by/on indicates with what method something is being done (write with a pen, go by car, walk on foot, make out of wood)
(그/의…) 쯕
direction particle, you can make ‘that direction, upper direction, direction of people, etc. with this’ and combine with (으)로 often times
~과/와 (particle)
and/with (written)
also as a comparing particle (similar ~to~, different ~from~)
~랑/이랑 (particle)
and/with (spoken)
also as a comparing particle (similar ~to~, different ~from~)
~하고 (particle)
and/with
also as a comparing particle (similar ~to~, different ~from~)
겉이
together (most common)
함께
together
~한테 (particle)
to (most common)
~에게 (particle)
to
~께 (particle)
to (formal)
~에게서
to receive something (from someone)
~한테서
to receive something (from someone)
~도 (particle)
too/as well
많다 / 많이
to have a lot of (as an adjective)
many, alot (of) (as a noun)
ㅅ irregular
‘ㅅ’ is removed if a vowel comes after it
ㄷ irregular
(only with verbs) ‘ㄷ’ gets changed to ‘ㄹ’ when a vowel comes next
ㅂ irregular
(mostly for adjectives) ‘ㅂ’ is changed to ~우 when a vowel comes next
ㅡ irregular
‘ㅡ’ is replaced with ~아/어 depending on what the previous vowel is, only if a vowel comes next
르 irregular
only if a ~아/어 comes after the ‘르’ stem would it change to ~아/어
ㄹ irregular
only applies if the conjugation after has ‘은/는/ㅂ/습/ㄹ/을’, the ㄹ would be replaced by the corresponding letters: ‘ㄴ/ㅂ/ㄹ’
나다 (verb)
for something to come up/arise/occur
내다 (verb)
to make something come up/arise/occur
~적 (particle)
added to a noun that makes the noun into something that something has the properties of, such as:
culture->cultural
democracy-> democratic etc.
~적으로 (particle)
added to a noun to give it the properties of the noun, and changes it into an adverb:
cultural—> culturally
impulsive–> impulsively
~적이다 (particle)
if you’re using a noun to describe a noun using ~적, then add this at the end (and conjugate) to make it grammatically correct:
if you were to say: ‘the cultural history’ you would need to add this to the end of ‘cultural’
~스럽다
added to nouns to make them adjectives, or give them the properties of that noun,
love—> lovely
nature—-> natural
~고 있다
I am __ing
살고 있다
I live in….
알고 있다
I know (lit. i am knowing)
알았어
Okay (lit. verb for knowing but can be used this way also)
더
‘more’, can be used to compare things:
this ramen is spicier
he is more handsome
the place is further, etc.
~보다 (particle)
for comparing subjects in sentences
the subject it’s attached to is the one you’re comparing it to
덜
less
가장/제일
superlative meaning something is the most
the prettiest
the hottest
잘하다
To do something well, ‘im good at’
잘
well
잘 (adverb)
well
못하다
To do something poorly, be bad at…
못하다
To do something poorly, be bad at…
못 (adverb)
poorly
~에 대한
‘about’ something
하다–>되다
to make a verb passive (to give—>to be given)
하다–>받다
to make a verb passive (to give—>to be given)
~아/어지다
to make a verb passive (to give—>to be given)
~고 (particle)
attach to connect two clauses together, meaning ‘and/then’
~어/어서 (particle)
attach to connect two clauses together, meaning ‘and/then’
~고 싶다
attach to verb stem to mean ‘i want to ___’
~에게 (particle)
to -‘i taught korean to the students’
~한테 (particle)
to- i taught korean to the students’
~께 (particle)
to - i taught korean to the students’
~에게서 (particle)
‘from’ to receive something from someone
저는 그것을 친구한테서 들었어요 = I heard that from my friend
~한테서 (particle)
‘from’ to receive something from someone
~(으)로부터
‘from’
-to receive something from a non-person
나는 나의 여자친구로부터 편지를 받았어 = i received a letter from my girlfriend
나는 돈을 정부로부터 받았어 = I received money from the government
-or attached to the person you received something from
~을/를 위해(서)
‘for’ to do something for somebody=
나는 나의 여자 친구를 위해(서) 꽃을 샀어=
i bought flowers for my girlfriend
~에 대해
‘about’ about something
나는 너에 대해 생각했어 = I thought about you
전 (time marker)
before/ago
2 초 전에 = 2 seconds ago
후 (time marker)
after/ later /from now
5 분 후에 = 5 minutes later/from now
~ㄴ/은 이래로 (particle)
since
(not a common word, most just say ‘after’)
한국에 온 이래로 한국어를 배우고 있어요 =
Since coming to Korea, I have been learning Korean
안/
이내
(time marker)
within (the timespan of…)
나는 5년 이내에 외국어 다섯 개를 배우고 싶어 =
I want to learn five languages within 5 years
모든
every (can be placed in front of a noun to make,,, every thing, every person, every fruit, etc…)
모든 것
everything
다
all (indicate everything is done)
저는 라면을 다 먹었어요 = I ate all the ramen
~인
added to a verb to say ‘the…who IS….’
선생님인 살암
the person who is a teacher
~는지
uncertain clause, put in sentences when using ‘i don’t know…’ or any question words
그 남자의 이름을 무엇인지 모르겠어
I don’t know what that man’s name is
~ㄴ/은 작
noun of experience
‘i’ve done this…’ ‘i’ve not done this…’
거기에 간 적이 없어
i’ve havent been there
~(으)려고
with the intention of
‘in order to understand the meaning, i read the book twice’
~려고 노력하다
‘i try to…’
i try to meet that friend every weekend’
~(으)러
to come/go
~(기) 위해
for (the purpose of something)
‘i bought flowers for my girlfriend’
~아/어 보다
to attempt/ try something
i tried eating the rice
중
in the middle of
(often used like ‘는 있어’) to say ‘i am__ing’
는 중
i am __ing
(often used like ‘는 있어’) to say ‘i am__ing’
~중(에)
of all/among….
‘between rice and bread, rice is more delicious’
~아/어 보다 중
‘of all the things i’ve tried’…
‘of all the places ive been, america is the scariest’
그중에
between those (things)(previously mentioned)
어떤
which
어느
which
중으로
by (this amount of time)
~거리다
added at the end of a verb to imply repeatedly doing something
자기
she/he/they (referencing a person already mentioned)
자신
oneself/myself/himself/herself
아직
still
아직도
still (something that is still the case, but shouldnt be)
아직은
still (something not done yet, but will be soon)
아직히
still (an action still being.not being done and will continue like that)
별로
really (in negative ending sentences)
‘im not really hungry’
별로야
not really /meh
Q: was the food good? 밥은 맜있어?
A: meh, not really . 별로야.
전혀
at all
‘im not hungry at all’
하나도
not even one
‘i dont even have one friend
school isnt fun at all’
훨씬
much more (like 더 but stronger)
~에 관하다
about or in relation to
‘i saw a movie about clowns’
주위
around (the circumference of)
일단
once/after i
‘once i learn korean, i’ll go to korea’
후에
after
이상
after (with the nuance of the thing already being completed)
