gramm Test

Question 1

How is the gerundive formed?

Answer 1

1. Verbal root in guṇa, but also yero grade and vṛiddhi
2. add the suffix -ya- (-tya- after short voewls or tavya, less frequently -anīya
3. normal ending

Question 2

How perdictable is the gerundive?

Answer 2

• It is not very predictable.
  – ther are several gerundives for one root
  – common correlation is guṇa + tavya

Question 3

When is the periphrastic perfect used?

Answer 3

• perfect that is used derived verbs like causatives and desideratives and some class 10 verbs
• some verbs with initial long for example ī, z.b. √īkṣ;

Question 4

How is the periphrastic perfect formed?

Answer 4

1. present stemm, eg. causative bharāya- or basic īkṣa
2. adding -ām marker

3a. active form requiers perfect form of √as √bhū or √kṛ
e. g. bharayām āsa

3b. middle forms it as in 1 +2 plus perfect form of √kṛ
e. g. āsām cakre I he sat

Question 5

What does the desiderative and what does the gerundive express? Give an example in each case.

Answer 5

1. The desiderative expresses a wish, that one wants something
2. The Gerundive expresses, that something has to be done

Question 6

How is the desiderative verb formed?

Answer 6

1. reduplication of verbal root
2. adding the marker -sa or sometimes -iṣa
3. add normal ending if verb is mostly middle then here also middle

• if verb has u or ū as vowel then u as reduplication, otherwise i
• roots mstly in zero grade before -sa and in -guna before -isa, but sometimes also vrddhi

Question 7

What are the irregular forms of the desiderativ verb?

Answer 7

1. √āp, √dā, √dhā
   - √āp - īpsati,
   - √dā - ditsati,
   - √dhā – dhitsati

Question 8

How are Desiderative Adjectives formed?

Answer 8

1. the a of -sa oder is replaced u ersetzt
2. it is declined like u noun
   - there is also reduplication
   - they are also formed by changing the verbal roots
   - e.g yuyutsu, desiring to fight;

Question 9

How are desiderative nouns formed?

Answer 9

1. the final a of a desderative verbal stem is replaced by ā
2. They decline like regular ā nouns
   - e.g. śuśrūṣā -desire to hear obedience;

Question 10

What is the differencein the formation of desiderative verb, adjective, and noun?

Answer 10

1. they use different markers
   - Verb -sa or -iṣa
   - adjective -su
   - nouns -sā
2. the verb uses conjugational endings and the adjective and nouns are declined
3. adjective and noun use different declinations
   - the adjectives decline like regular u-stems
   - the nouns decline like regular ā-stems;

Question 11

Where in sanskrit grammar is reduplication found

Answer 11

1. The conjugation of class III Verbs
   - e.g. √hu, juhuti
2. the perfect.
   e. g. √viś – viveśa
3. perfect active and middle participles
   e. g. yuyudhāna
4. the reduplicated aorist
   - z.b. √jan – ajījanat
5. the desiderative
   - z.b. yuyutsu;

Question 12

How do the vowels reduplicate in the different uses of reduplication in sanskrit?

Answer 12

1. Class III Verbs:
   - long Vowels are reduplicated as their short form
   - otherwise no changes to the vowels,
2. perfect tense:
   - roots that have i-ī, u-ū reduplicate as I and u
   - otherwise, vowels reduplicate as a
   - e.g. √kṛ - cakruḥ ṛ wird zu a in ca
3. desiderative:
   - if the root contains u or ū, it reduplicates as u
   - otherwise it reduplicates as i
4. reduplicated aorist:
   - i is reduplicated as i-ī, u as u-ū
   - a and ṛ as i-ī or more rarely as a-ā
   - if root syllable is light, then replicated syllable long, if root syllable heavy, than reduplicated strong;

Question 13

How is the perfect formed?

Answer 13

1. a reduplicative Syllable
2. verbal root in strong or weak form
   - strong in singular
   - weak in Dual and Plural
3. special perfect ending
   - 1 and 2 is the perfect stem, so there are no 10 classes of perfects;

Question 14

How is a noun formed from a root with the suffix -a-? What does it mean? Give an example.

Answer 14

Formation
1. Take the root in guṇa
2. add -a-
Meaning
-no specified meaning, mostly masculine, can be neuter
Example
√likh – lekha, writing letter, 
√vid – veda knowledge;

Question 15

How is a noun formed from a root with the suffix -ana-? What does it mean? Give an example.

Answer 15

Formation
take verbal root in guṇa
add -ana-
Meaning
adjectives and nouns similar to ing in english, eg. releasing oder aber acto realsing
Example
√muc – mocana (releasing or act of releasing)
√subh – sobhana (pleasing pleasant beautiful
√loc – locana, eye, also auch als noun
als noun neuter;

Question 16

How is a noun formed from a root with the suffix -tra-? What does it mean? Give an example.

Answer 16

Formation
take the verbal root in guṇa
add the suffix -tra-
Meaning
it forms instrument nouns for carrying out verbal action in question
Example
√śās command, instruct, teach- śāstra insturment fpor teaching etc. command textbook, precept;

Question 17

How is a noun formed from a root with the suffix -tva-? What does it mean? Give an example.

Answer 17

How is a noun formed from a root with the suffix -tva-? What does it mean? Give an example. Formation tva not added to verbal roots but to nouns and adjectives Meaning loosely equivalent to english suffixes -ness, dom- hood (state of being x Example nara – naratva (manhood) deva - devatva – (divinity) abuddha – abuudha (foolishness) they are neuter;

Question 18

How can nouns and adjectives be derivrs form vṛddhi derivation_ What is the meaning_ Give an example

Answer 18

Formation
the virst vowel of the noun or adjective is put into vṛddhi
if basic word is not an a- stem it is frequently turned into one
Meaning
have the meaning of belonging to the category of the basic noun
Example
pura – paura (citizen
śūra – saurya (heroism, belonging to hero
derivative of places means inhabitants of thes place 8
- ya can be used in vṛiddhi derivation
mitra – maitrya, makes adjectives from nouns;

Question 19

How is a noun formed from a root with the suffix -ya-? What does it mean? Give an example

Answer 19

Formation
it is added to nouns to make adjectives
Meaning
it makes adjectives from noun and a noun form adjective
it can be used in addition to vṛiddhi derivation and then it doesn’t change the meaning
Example
abala weak, abalya – (weakness);

Question 20

How is the passive in the present indicative formed? Give an example

Answer 20

Formation

1. -take the verbal root in zero – grade (sometimes guṇ)
2. add the endings of the middle

Example
√yuj – yujyate
√yaj – ijyate (ya turns to I in zero grade;

Question 21

What may happen to verbal roots, that end in vowel in the active indicative passive before the passive – marker -ya-?

Answer 21

ā changes ti ī,
√da – diyate

short I and u lengthen to ī and ū,
ji – jīyate

ṛ changes into ri
√bhṛ - bhriyate

ṛ changes into ar after two consonant
√smṛ - smaryate

long ṝ turns into - īr and after labial into -ūr
√tṝ – tīryate;

Question 22

Which forms form the passive in the present indicative with the root in guṇa?

Answer 22

√han – hanyate, he is killed
√labh – labhyate, he is taken
√man – manyate
√gam – gamyate
es scheint, dass alle Verben mit Zerograde a in der Wurzelform ihr Passiv mit Zero-Grade bilden.;

Question 23

How is the passive of Class X verbs and Causatives formed?

Answer 23

take the root of the verb in which it appears in the active
the aya of the stem is dropped
z.b. Causativ of √bhṛ - bhārayati - bhāryate;

Question 24

How do Class X Verbs form their causative?

Answer 24

1. the verbal root is strengthened to get a heavy (long) syllable

• √viś – veś
• √ dṛś - darś - darś is a long syllable because it includes vowel plus two consonants
• √bhṛ bhār

2. adding -aya-
3. adding ending

Bsp. bhārayati, darśayati, veśati;

Question 25

How do Class X Verbs form their causative?

Answer 25

1. the verbal root is strengthened to get a heavy (long) syllable

• √viś – veś
• √ dṛś - darś - darś is a long syllable because it includes vowel plus two consonants
• √bhṛ bhār

2. adding -aya-
3. adding ending

Bsp. bhārayati, darśayati, veśati;

Question 26

What is the basic translation of a bahuvrīhi compound? Give an Example.

Answer 26

Meaning
a bahuvrīhi is an adjective
it describes a noun
it means someone, something whose y is like x
the y is the second part
Example 
mahāmukha-
mahāmukhā kanyā
a girl whose mouth is big;

Question 27

What can be part of a bahuvrīhi? What is the order of the parts?

Answer 27

their final member is a noun

in front of the the noun can be an, adjective, noun, participle, preposition, preverb, numeral and others;

Question 28

What does the locative absolute consist of? Give examples? How is it translated?

Answer 28

Formation

1. it consists of a noun
2. it consists of a participle
3. they are both in the locative

Example
gate tasmin narā upāviśan.
when he had gone, the men sat down.

udyati sūrye vanaṃ praviśati
When the sun rises, he enters the forest.

Translation
best translated as temporal clause (when while after);

Question 29

What does the genitive absolute consist of? Give an example. How is it translated?

Answer 29

Formation

1. it consists of a noun
2. it consists of a participle
3. they are both in the locative

Example
gate tasmin narā upāviśan.
when he had gone, the men sat down.

udyati sūrye vanaṃ praviśati
When the sun rises, he enters the forest.

Translation
best translated as temporal clause (when while after);