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HSS 1100 > GRAM POSITIVE COCCI > Flashcards

GRAM POSITIVE COCCI Flashcards

1
Q

Staphylococci overview - What are the general characteristics of staphylococci?

A

gram-positive cocci grows in grape-like clusters

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2
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis - What is the role of Staphylococcus epidermidis in human health?

A

Normal flora of skin and mucosa; occasionally pathogenic.

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3
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus - What is the pathogenic role of Staphylococcus aureus?

A

It is pathogenic and often found as normal flora, causing serious infections, in immunocompromised individuals, like:
- pneumonia
- osteomyelitis
- sepsis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

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4
Q

Staphylococcus Saprophyticus - Where is Staphylococcus saprophyticus found and what infections does it cause?

A

Found in the environment and on skin; causes urinary infections.

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4
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus Colony Growth - How does Staphylococcus aureus grow in culture?

A

Produces 2-3 mm colonies in 24 hours on simple media (agar, blood-agar) at 37ºC.

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5
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus Toxins - Name the main toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus.

A

Cytotoxins (α, β, δ, γ, P-V leukocidin)
- enterotoxins (A-E, G-I)
- exfoliative toxins (ETA, ETB)
- Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1.

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6
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus Enzymes - What enzymes are produced by Staphylococcus aureus?

A
  • Coagulase
  • Beta-lactamase (penicillinase)
  • hyaluronidase
  • staphylokinase
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6
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus Resistance - Why is Staphylococcus aureus concerning in hospitals?

A

85-90% of strains are penicillin-resistant and it causes nosocomial infections, often in immunocompromised patients.

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7
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus Disease Manifestations - What diseases does Staphylococcus aureus cause?

A

Localized purulent infections
- Pustules
- boils

  • pneumonia, endocarditis, septicima
  • toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome.
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8
Q

Staphylococcus Epidermidis Infections - In which patients can Staphylococcus epidermidis become pathogenic?

A

In immunocompromised patients, it can cause:
- post-operative infections
- endocarditis
-shunt infections.

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9
Q

Streptococci Overview - What are the general characteristics of Streptococci?

A

Gram-positive cocci, usually in pairs or chains, fastidious in nutritional requirements (blood agar).

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10
Q

Streptococcus Haemolysis Types - What are the types of haemolysis in streptococci?

A
  • Alpha-haemolysis (greenish-brown zone)
  • beta-haemolysis (clear zone)
  • non-hemolytic strains.
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11
Q

Streptococci Lancefield Classification - How are streptococci classified?

A
  • haemolytic properties (alpha, beta, non-hemolytic)
  • carbohydrate C-antigen (Groups A-T).
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11
Q

Streptococcus M-protein - What is the role of M-protein in beta-haemolytic streptococci?

A

M-protein is an important virulence factor, antiphagocytic, and degrades complement C3b
- It is found mainly in Group A streptococci.

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12
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes Overview - What group and hemolysis type is Streptococcus pyogenes, and what diseases does it cause?

A

Group A, beta-hemolytic; causes sore throat, skin infections, puerperal fever, septicaemia
- complications: acute glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever.

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13
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes Toxins - What toxins are produced by Streptococcus pyogenes and their effects?

A

Streptolysins (O and S) - toxic for neutrophils and macrophages
- Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxins (SpeA, SpeB, SpeC) - cause scarlet fever rash.

14
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes Enzyme - What enzyme does Streptococcus pyogenes produce, and what is its effect?

A

Hyaluronidase - helps spread infection by breaking down connective tissue.

14
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes Antibiotic Sensitivity - What antibiotic is most effective against Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Penicillin G, as most strains are sensitive to it.

15
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B) - What infections does Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B) cause in neonates (newborns)?

A

Early septicaemia (high fatality) and delayed meningitis (with potential neurological effects).

16
Q

Streptococcus faecalis (Group D) - What infections can Streptococcus faecalis (Enterococcus) cause?

A

Urinary tract infections, septicaemia, endocarditis, and meningitis, often resistant to many antibiotics.

17
Q

Viridans Streptococci -Where are Viridans streptococci found and what do they cause?

A

Found in the oral cavity; may cause endocarditis in people with damaged heart valves.

18
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae - What disease does Streptococcus pneumoniae cause, and who is at higher risk?

A

Causes lobar pneumonia and meningitis
- more common in infants, the elderly, and alcoholics.

19
Q

Pneumococcal Vaccine -How can Streptococcus pneumoniae infections be prevented?

A

Vaccination with a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine (23 serotypes) for high-risk individuals like the elderly and alcoholics.

20
Q

Neisseria meningitidis Overview - What infections does Neisseria meningitidis cause?

A
  • Meningitis
  • septicaemia
  • Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (adrenal hemorrhage).
21
Q

Neisseria meningitidis Vaccine - What vaccine prevents Neisseria meningitidis infections?

A

Conjugated vaccine for serogroups A, C, Y, and W135, recommended for children and high-risk individuals.

21
Q

Neisseria meningitidis Serogroups - What are the main serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis?

A

A, B, C, X, Y, W135.

22
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections - What diseases are caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A
  • Genital infections (gonorrhoea)
  • pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
  • disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI)
  • neonatal infections (ophthalmia neonatorum).
23
Q

Gonorrhoea Diagnosis - How is Neisseria gonorrhoeae diagnosed?

A

Gram stain of urethral discharge (men) or culture from swabs (women), using selective media like Thayer-Martin agar.

23
Q

Gonorrhoea Treatment - What is the recommended treatment for gonorrhoea?

A

Ceftriaxone or cefixime with doxycycline or azithromycin.

24
Q

Gonorrhoea Resistance - What is a growing concern regarding Neisseria gonorrhoeae treatment?

A

Increasing resistance to penicillin, especially in Southeast Asia, West Africa, and parts of the U.S. and Canada.

HSS 1100 (4 decks)

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