Gram Positive Cardio Infections

Question 1

what is the group A strep organism

Answer 1

strep pyogenes

Question 2

what is the group B strep organism

Answer 2

strep agalactiae

Question 3

group A and B strep are what type or hemolytics

Answer 3

beta hemolytic

Question 4

what are the alpha hemolytic streptococcus species

Answer 4

viridans species

and Strep Pneumo

Question 5

what are the gamma hemolytic streptococcus species

Answer 5

enterococcus

Question 6

name four disorders from streptococcus pyogenes or group A strep

Answer 6

strep throat
impetigo
necrotizing fascitis
strep toxic shock syndrome

Question 7

what are the two post streptococcal group A issues?

Answer 7

acute glomerulonephritis

rheumatic fever from infective endocarditis

Question 8

what are the symptoms of rheumatic fever

Answer 8

painful joints and carditis

Question 9

in the heart, what structures does rehumatic fever usually cause issues with

Answer 9

mitral and aortic valves

Question 10

what is the molecule in strep pyogenes that causes the post infection problems

Answer 10

M protein…lots of different M proteins

Question 11

describe the effect of M proteins in activating rheumatic fever and heart disease

Answer 11

antibodies that bound the M proteins end up recognizing some host proteins too and causes inflammation and host tissue damage

Question 12

what are the three gram positive cocci that can cause infective endocarditis

Answer 12

viridans streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci

Question 13

name two big risk factors for infective endocarditis

Answer 13

IV drug use and diabetes

Question 14

what is bacteremia

Answer 14

colonized bacteria gets into the bloodstream through cuts/abrasions

Question 15

Describe the process of infective endocarditis

Answer 15

colonization…bacteremia…adhesion to cells…immune avoidance…proliferation at site…then can have dissemination from site

Question 16

does strep viridans have low or high virulence? what does this mean for it to be able to cause endocarditis?

Answer 16

low virulence…means it needs previous damage to the heart valves…subacute endocarditis with slow progression

Question 17

does staph A have low or high virulence? what does this mean for it be able to cause endocarditis?

Answer 17

high virulence…can affect normal valves very quickly…acute endocarditis with rapid onset of fever

Question 18

what is the structure of the bacteria that often allow bacteria to adhere to host cells?

Answer 18

bacterial pili

Question 19

is pili in gram positive or gram negative bacteria?

Answer 19

BOTH

Question 20

what can Staph A do against complement?

Answer 20

avoid it

Question 21

what is the unique protein on staph A that helps it avoid phagocytosis

Answer 21

protein A

Question 22

explain how protein A works to help staph A avoid phagocytosis

Answer 22

protein A binds Fc portion of antibody so the neutro and macros cannot bind the antibody and initiate phagocytosis now

Question 23

what can superantigens of staph A cause (2)

Answer 23

toxic shock syndrome

food poisoning

Question 24

what can superantigens of strep pyogenes cause

Answer 24

scarlet fever

Question 25

what is the most common causative agent of normal heart valve infective endocarditis?

Answer 25

staph aureus and strep viridans

Question 26

what is the most common causative agent of prosthetic heart valve infective endocarditis?

Answer 26

coagulase negative staph

Question 27

what is most common causative agent of infective endocarditis in the hospital setting?

Answer 27

staph aureus

Question 28

what is the staph A capsule made of?

Answer 28

hyalurinic acid

Question 29

what type of aerobe/anaerobes are most bacteria in infective endocarditis?

Answer 29

facultative anaerobes...means they are aerobic but can function without oxygen