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Pathogenic Organisms > Gram Positive Bacteria > Flashcards

Gram Positive Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

How do you initially distinguish between Gram positive bacteria (i.e. what feature)

A

Bacilli (rod-shaped)

Cocci (round/spherical)

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2
Q

how are bacilli distinguished?

A

Aerobic/anaerobic

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3
Q

what category can aerobic bacilli be broken up into

A

spore forming and non-spore forming

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4
Q

give an example of a Gram positive, aerobic, non-spore forming bacteria

A

Listeria monocytogenes

Corynebacterium diptheriae

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5
Q

Give an example of a Gram positive, aerobic spore forming bacterium

A

Bacillus species

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6
Q

anaerobic bacilli form spores, give an example of a bacterium of this type

A

Clostridium species:

  • Clostridium Difficile (C.Diff)
  • Clostridium Tetani
  • Clostridium Perfringens
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7
Q

what groups can Gram positive cocci be split into?

A

Staphylococci (clusters)

Streptococci (chains)

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8
Q

What test is used to distinguish between staphylococci

A

coagulase test (positive or negative)

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9
Q

What Gram positive staphylococci test positive in the coagulase test

A

Staph. aureus

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10
Q

what Gram positive staphylococci test negative in the coagulase test

A
  • Staph. epidermidis

- Staph. saprophyticus

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11
Q

What test is used to distinguish between Gram positive Streptococci and what are the results of the test?

A

haemolysis test:

  • partial (alpha) turns blood agar green
  • complete (beta) turns blood agar clear
  • non-haemolytic has no effect on blood agar colour
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12
Q

what Streptococci organisms produce partial haemolysis?

A
  • Strep. pneumoniae

- viridans streptococci

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13
Q

what streptococci organisms produce complete haemolysis?

A
  • Group A - Strep. pyogenes
  • Group B
  • Group C
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14
Q

what streptococci organisms are non-haemolytic?

A

-enterococci, eg:

enterococcus faecalis

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15
Q

What condition(s) are caused by Staph. aureus

A

Methicillin resistant staph. aureus (MRSA)

Methicillin sensitive staph. aureus (MSSA)

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16
Q

what treatment is used against MRSA

A

Linezolid and in serious conditions Daptomycin

17
Q

what condition(s) does Strep. pneumoniae cause?

A

pneumonia, meningitis, septicaemia

18
Q

what condition does viridian’s streptococci cause

A

infective endocarditis (infection of heart valves)

19
Q

what conditions does (group A) strep. pyogenes cause?

A
  • sore throats
  • cellulitis
  • necrotising fascitis
20
Q

what conditions can (group B) strep. agalactiae cause?

A
  • meningitis

- bacteraemia

21
Q

what do (group D) enterococci cause?

A

UTIs

22
Q

what does C. difficile cause?

A

diarrhoea

can cause pseudomembranous colitis

23
Q

what does C. perfringens cause?

A

food poisoning in contaminated food

can cause “gas gangrene” in serious wounds

24
Q

what does C. tetani cause

A

tetanus (uncontrolled muscle spasm)

25
Q

What is clostridium botulinum

A

the source of botox

26
Q

what is bacillus anthracis the cause of?

A

anthrax

27
Q

what is Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) used to treat?

A

conditions caused by Strep. pneumoniae:

  • meningitis
  • pneumonia
  • septicaemia
28
Q

What can amoxicillin and ampicillin (penicillins) be used to treat?

A

streptococcal infections (including enterococci) and also some coliforms

29
Q

What can flucloxacillin (penicillin) be used to treat?

A

staphylococcal infections

30
Q

what can co-amoxicillin (penicillin) be used to treat?

A

the same bacteria as amoxicillin but due to its anti Beta-lactamase enzyme inhibitor, clavulanic acid, it extends the spectrum to cover β-lactamase producing coliforms.

31
Q

what can erythromycin and clarthromycin (macrolides) be used to treat?

A

many gram positive organisms

organisms that cause atypical pneumonia e.g.

  • Chlamydia psittacci
  • Coxiella burnetti
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
32
Q

what can erythromycin and clarithromycin be used as an alternative for in many cases?

A

penicillins in patients that have a penicillin hypersensitivity

33
Q

what can vancomycin and teicomycin (glycopeptides) be used to treat?

A

Gram positive organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic

Vancomycin can also be used for MRSA treatment

34
Q

Why must vancomycin be monitored when administered?

A

it can be toxic

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