GRAM POSITIVE BACILLI Flashcards
1
Q
Spore-forming Aerobe:
A
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
2
Q
Spore-forming Anaerobe:
A
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium difficile
3
Q
Non-Spore-Forming
A
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Listeria monocytogenes
4
Q
a life threatening infectious disease caused by bacillus anthracis that normally affects animals especially ruminants such as goats, cattle, sheep, and horses
A
Anthrax
5
Q
3 Clinical Types of Anthrax
A
Cutaneous Anthrax
Pulmonary Anthrax
Intestinal Anthrax
Injection Anthrax
6
Q
Most common form of Anthrax infection?
A
Cutaneous Anthrax
7
Q
How long does cutaneous Anthrax infection develop after exposure?
A
1-7 days
8
Q
Where does cutaneous Anthrax usually enter?
A
Cut or scrape through the skin
9
Q
Usual sites of Cutaneous Anthrax:
A
face, neck, hands, arms, & back
10
Q
Characteristic of Cutaneous Anthrax:
A
malignant pustule
congested and edematous
lesion filled with serum or yellow fluid
necrotic lesion (black eschar)
11
Q
Anthrax = “?“
A
“coal”
12
Q
Disease common in dock workers
- “Porter’s Disease”
A
Cutaneous Anthrax
13
Q
Untreated Cutaneous Anthrax may develop…:
A
fatal septicemia or meningitis
14
Q
Cutaneous Anthrax lesion development:
A
Papule—Vesicle—Pustular—Centrally necrosed—Black coloration
15
Q
Develops from inhalation of Anthrax spores (dust or filaments of wool from infected animals
Haematogenous Spread
A
Pulmonary Anthrax
16
Q
“Wool Sorter’s Disease”
A
Pulmonary Anthrax
17
Q
50% Meningitis
A
Pulmonary Anthrax; hemorrhagic meningitis
18
Q
Most deadly form of disease
“Hemorrhagic Pneumonia”
Often fatal, even with treatment
A
Pulmonary Anthrax
19
Q
Infection associated with ingestion of undercooked contaminated meat
A
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
20
Q
Gastrointestinal Anthrax causes…:
A
Violent enteritis with bloody diarrhea
21
Q
Gastrointestinal Anthrax if not treated early leads to ______, which is highly fatal
A
septicaemic anthrax
22
Q
Symptoms may be similar to cutaneous anthrax
A
Injection Antrax
23
Q
Infection deep under the skin or in the muscle where drug was injected
A
Injection Anthrax
24
Q
Can spread throughout the body faster
Harder to recognize and treat
A
Injection Anthrax
25
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms
"A group of small blisters or bumps that may itch"
Cutaneous Anthrax
26
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"Swelling can occur around the sore"
Cutaneous Anthrax
27
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"A painless skin sore with black center that appears after small blisters or bumps.
Most often the store will be on the face, neck, arms, or hand"
Cutaneous Anthrax
28
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"Flu-like symptoms for a few hours or days"
Inhalation Anthrax
29
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"Mild chest discomfort"
Inhalation Anthrax
30
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"Sore throat"
Inhalation Anthrax
31
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"Fatigue & muscle aches"
Inhalation Anthrax
32
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"Mild fever"
Inhalation Anthrax
33
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"Fever"
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
34
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"Abdominal pain"
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
35
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"Constipation"
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
36
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"Diarrhea"
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
37
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"Lower gastrointestinal bleeding"
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
38
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"May have vomiting & hematemesis"
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
39
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"Fever & chills"
Injection Anthrax
40
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"A group of small blisters or bumps that may itch, appearing where the drug was injected"
Injection Anthrax
41
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
" A painless skin sore with a black center that appears after blisters or bumps"
Injection Anthrax
42
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"Swelling around the sore"
Injection Anthrax
43
Identify the spore forming aerobe disease based on the signs and symptoms:
"Abscesses deep under the skin or in the muscle where the drug was injected"
Injection Anthrax
44
Characteristics of Bacillus Anthracis:
Gram Positive
Spore-forming
Aerobic
Non-motile
Rod-shaped w/ square ends and filamentous chain formation
45
Vegetative forms of Bacillus Anthracis are destroyed at what temperature?
600° in 30 mins
46
Bacillus anthracis is susceptible to many antibiotics like _____
Penicillin
47
Important antigen of Bacillus anthracis?
Capsular antigen
48
Other antigens of Bacillus anthracis:
Cell wall polysaccharide antigen
Somatic protein antigen
49
Epidemiology of Bacillus anthracis:
Organism is widely distributed around the globe
Oblique Pathogen
Organism is able to persist in soil
50
Bacillus anthracis MOT:
Can germinate, multiply, and produce toxin via ingestion, inhalation, and entry though skin abrasions or cuts
Insects — animals
Infected animals or their products — humans
51
Bacillus anthracis Virulence Factor:
1. Polypeptide capsule — antiphagocytic
2. Anthrax toxin
52
Multicomponent anthrax toxin:
Factor I - Edema factor
Factor II - Protective Factor
Factor III - Lethal Factor
53
Bacillus anthracis Virulence Factor; Fill in the blank:
"Toxic binds with susceptible cells through ______"
Factor II
54
Bacillus anthracis Virulence Factor; Fill in the blank:
"Enters the cell"
Factor I & III
55
Bacillus anthracis Virulence Factor; Fill in the blank:
"Causes edema by raising cAMP levels"
Factor I
56
Bacillus anthracis Virulence Factor; Fill in the blank:
"Kills the cell finally"
Factor III
57
Bacillus anthracis Pathogenesis;
Fill in the blanks:
"The viruence factor of Bacillus anthracis largely depends on its two main toxins: ___ & ___"
Lethal Toxin & Edema Toxin
58
Bacillus anthracis Laboratory Diagnosis; Identify:
Cutaneous Anthrax —
Pulmonary Anthrax —
Gastrointestinal Anthrax —
Septicaemic Anthrax —
Pus from pustules
Sputum
Stool/suspected food
Blood
59
Bacillus anthracis Laboratory Diagnosis; Microscopy:
Gram Stain - bacilli Dem.
McFadyean's Reaction - capsule Dem.
Spore Staining - spore Dem.
60
Bacillus anthracis Culture characteristics:
Aerobe and facultative Aerobe
Temp Range: 12°c to 45°c
Media: Nutrient Agar, Blood Agar
61
Bacillus anthracis Media Characteristics:
Nutrient Agar -
Blood Agar -
NA - colonies, 2-3 cm grey granular disc after 24 hours, "Medusa head" on LPO
BA - Usually non-haemolytic
62
Bacillus anthracis Laboratory Diagnosis:
In gelatin stab....
Gelatin liquefaction max: inverted fir tree appearance, 7 days 20°c
63
Bacillus anthracis Laboratory Diagnosis; Fill in the blanks:
ANIMAL INOCULATION
_________ are injected with specimens
Animal dies in ___ hours
Examine bacilli in blood of _________
Mouse/guinea pigs
48
dead animal
64
Bacillus anthracis treatment:
Cutaneous Anthrax: penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin
Pulmonary: medical emergency (antitoxins)
Vaccines exists:
Sterne vacc - animal
Alum precipitated atoxoid - human vacc; 3 doses at intervals of 6w & 6m, yearly booster
65
Bacillus anthracis Prevention:
Anthrax vaccine; 5 doses over a period of 18 months
66
Two antibiotics that could be used to prevent anthrax:
Ciprofloxacin and doxycycline
67
Bacterium that causes "Fried Rice Syndrome"
Bacillus Cereus
68
Bacillus cereus Characteristics:
Gram positive
Spore-forming
Rod-shaped
Motile
Facultative Aerobe or anaerobe
Beta hemolytic
69
Bacillus cereus Epidemiology:
Widespread in nature
Isolated in soil and growing plants
Well adapted in the intestinal tract of insects and humans
Appears all year round without any particular geographic distribution
Important causes of food poisoning
70
Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes infections like:
Diarrhoeal syndrome
Emetic syndrome
71
Bacillus cereus MOT:
Predominantly foodborne
72
"Long Incubation" form of Bacillus cereus food poisoning
Diarrhoeal Syndrome
73
Diarrhoeal Syndrome
Site of toxin production:
Incubation time:
Duration of Illness:
Infectious Dose:
Toxin tupe
- Small intestine
- 12-24 hours
- 10^5 - 10^7 cfu
- Protein: enterotoxins like: Hbl, Nhe, CytK
74
Diarrhoeal Syndrome Symptoms:
Abdominal pain, watery diarrhoea, occasional nausea
75
Diarrhoeal Syndrome: Foods most frequently implicated:
Proteinaceous foods; meat products, soups, vegetables, puddings, sauces, milk, milk products
76
Bacillus cereus Vomiting form of disease
Emetic Syndrome
77
Bacillus cereus :
Toxin production:
Incubation time:
Duration of Illness
Infectious dose:
Toxin type:
- ingestion of food with pre-formed toxin
- 0.5 - 6 hours
- 6 - 24 hours
- 10^5 - 10^8 cells/gram
- Cyclic peptide, emetic acid — cereulide
78
Bacillus cereus Symptoms:
Nausea, Vomiting, Malaise and few lethal cases due to liver damage
79
_______ is resistant towards acidic conditions, heat and also to gastric acid (Emetic Syndrome)
Cereulide
80
Emetic Syndrome: Foods most frequently implicated:
Starch-rich foods, fried and cooked rice, pasta, pastry and noodles
81
Bacillus cereus Preservatives:
(Cell growth)
Sorbic acid, Benzoate, Sorbate, EDTA, Polyphosphates
82
Bacillus cereus Preservatives:
(Spore germination and outgrowth)
Nisin (not sporicidal)
