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Bacteriology > Gram positive and Gram Negative > Flashcards

Gram positive and Gram Negative Flashcards

1
Q

encapsulated, ferments maltose and glucose- Gram Negative cocci

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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2
Q

insignificant capsule, ferments glucose only- Gram Negative cocci

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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3
Q

gram-negative “kidney-bean” diplococci

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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4
Q

aerobic, nonmotile
Fastidious, capnophilic–grows best at 35-37C

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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5
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae are oxidase positive in what medium

A

Thayer-Martin medium

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6
Q

detects prolylaminopeptodase produced by gonoccoci

A

Gonochek test

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7
Q

Habitat of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

human genital tract

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8
Q

transmission of N. gonorrhoeae

A

sexual

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9
Q

contactor during passage through birth canal

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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10
Q

N. Gonorrhoea- promote adherence and invasion into epithelial cells; expression results inopaquecolonies

A

Opa Proteins

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11
Q

N. Gonorrhoea- complement deficiencies in the___________ predispose to illness

A

late-acting complement components (C6–C9)

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12
Q

N. gonorrhoea usual co-infection with_______

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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13
Q
  • promote adherence to epithelial cells, antigenic variation, anti-phagocytosis (binds bacteria tightly to host cell protecting it from phagocytosis)
A

pili

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14
Q

Pathogenicity of N. gonorrhoea

A

lipo-oligosaccharide (LOS)
IgA protease
pili
Outer membrane protein porins
Opa proteins
late-acting complement components (C6–C9)

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15
Q

Localized spectrum of disease
-Ophthalmia Neonatorum
-Gonococcal Urethritis
-Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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16
Q

purulent conjunctivitis in newborns

A

Ophthalmia Neonatorum

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17
Q

-urethritis and epididymitis in men
-most common cause of urethritis

A

Gonococcal Urethritis

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18
Q

most common= cause of PID
complications:
Sterility
ectopic pregnancy
chronic pelvic pain
Dyspareunia
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome(perihepatitis):violin-string adhesions

A

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

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19
Q

Complications of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A

-Sterility
-ectopic pregnancy
-chronic pelvic pain
-Dyspareunia

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20
Q

SPECTRUM OF DISEASE:DISSEMINATED-Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Septic Arthritis

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21
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae- Gram stain of urethral specimens is accurate for

A

symptomatic males only

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22
Q

Laboratory diagnosis where agar for Neisseria gonorrhoeae is?

A

enriched media (Chocolate blood agar)

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23
Q

Selective medium of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Thayer Martin medium (Chocolate blood agar + VCN)

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24
Q

Colony morphology on modified Thayer-Martin (MTM) agar
-Small, beige-gray
-Translucent, smooth

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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25
Q

Fresh growth must be used for testing, because N. gonorrhoeae produces ______

A

autolytic enzymes

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26
Q

Treatment for N. gonorrhoeae

A

Ceftriaxone with azithromycin or doxycycline

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27
Q

Treatment for N. gonorrhoeae for neonate

A

prophylaxis with 1% silver nitrate

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28
Q

ophthalmia neonatorum treatment for N. gonorrhoeae

A

ceftriaxone

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29
Q

prevention of N. gonorrhoeae

A

use of condoms or spermicides with nonoxynol-9

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30
Q

Is there a vaccine for N. gonorrhoeae

A

none

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31
Q

gram-negative “kidney-bean” diplococci*
large polysaccharide capsule
oxidase-positive colonies on chocolate agar

A

NEISSERIA MENINGITIDES

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32
Q

Habitat of Neisseria meningitidis

A

URT

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33
Q

-transmission via respiratory droplets
-humans are the only natural hosts
-high carriage rate inclose quarters

A

NEISSERIA MENINGITIDES

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34
Q

Pathogenicity of NEISSERIA MENINGITIDES

A

-antiphagocyticpolysaccharide capsule
-endotoxin (LPS)
-IgA protease
-late-acting complement components (C6–C9)

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35
Q

-most common cause among aged 2-18 yrs
-fever, headache, stiff neck, and an increased level of PMNs in spinal fluid

A

Meningitis

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36
Q

dissemination of meningococci into the bloodstreamomultiorgan disease, consumptive coagulopathy, petechialor purpuric rash (purpura fulminans)

A

Meningococcemia

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37
Q

most severe formof meningococcemia
high fever, shock, widespread purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia, andadrenal insufficiency

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

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38
Q

bilateralhemorrhagic destruction of the adrenal glands

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

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39
Q

Spectrum of diseases NEISSERIA MENINGITIDES

A

-Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
-Meningococcemia
-Meningitis

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40
Q

purpuric rash

A

purpura fulminans

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41
Q

Treatment of N. Meningitidis

A

-penicillin G (no significant resistance)
-rifampin chemoprophylaxis to close contacts

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42
Q

N. Meningitidis- vaccine contains capsular polysaccharide of strains_________

A

A, C, Y, and W-135

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43
Q

aerobic, non-spore-forming,non-motilegram-positive rods with club/coma shape rods arranged in V or L shape. Chinese characters

A

Coryebacterium diphtheriae

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44
Q

culture for Coryebacterium diphtheriae

A

Potassium tellurite:dark blackcolonies

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45
Q

metachromatic granules

A

Coryebacterium diphtheriae

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46
Q

for detection oftoxigenicity of Coryebacterium diphtheriae

A

modified Elek test

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47
Q

Reddish metachromatic (Babes-Ernst / Volutin) granulescan be seen

A

Coryebacterium diphtheriae

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48
Q

Habitat of Coryebacterium diphtheriae

A

throat and transmission via respiratory droplets

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49
Q

PATHOGENESIS of Coryebacterium diphtheriae

A

-exotoxin
-subunit A
-subunit B
-pseudomembranes

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50
Q

inhibits protein synthesis by adding ADP-ribose toelongation factor-2 (EF-2)

A

exotoxin

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51
Q

binds the toxin to cell surfaceoexotoxin encoded byb-prophage

A

subunit B

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52
Q

result from death of mucosal epithelial cells

A

pseudomembranes

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53
Q

Spectrum of disease of Coryebacterium diphtheriae

A

prominent thick, gray,pseudomembranesover tonsils and throat

54
Q

-airway obstruction
-Myocarditis - A-V conduction block, dysrhythmia
-Neural involvement: peripheral nerve palsies, GBS, palatal
-paralysis, neuropathies, cranial nerve and/or muscle paralysis

A

complications of pseudomembranes

55
Q

Treatment of Coryebacterium diphtheriae

A

antitoxin and penicillin G

56
Q

Prevention of Coryebacterium diphtheriae

A

toxoid vaccine, usually in combination with tetanus toxoid and pertussis vaccine (DTaP)

57
Q

gram positive cocci in clusters
catalase positive,
coagulase positive

A

Staphylococcus aureus

58
Q

gram positive cocci in clusters
catalase positive,
coagulase negative,
novobiocin sensitive

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

59
Q

gram positive cocci in clusters
catalase positive,
coagulase negative,
novobiocin resistant

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

60
Q

Gram-positive cocci in grape-like clusters

A

Staphylococcus aureus

61
Q

Staphylococcus aureus on blood agar

A

β-hemolytic, yellow or golden colonies

62
Q

salt-tolerant on mannitol salts agar

A

Staphylococcus aureus

63
Q

gold color of Staphylococcus aureus is due to the pigment

A

staphyloxanthin

64
Q

habitat of S. aureus

A

human nose (anterior nares) and skin

64
Q

Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus

A

-direct contact (hands)
-fomites
-contaminated food

65
Q

Staphylococcus aureusVIRULENCE FACTORS: Immunomodulators

A

-Protein A
-Coagulase
-Hemolysins
-PV Leukocidin
-Catalase
-Penicillinase

66
Q

Staphylococcus aureus- VIRULENCE FACTORS: Tissue Penetrance

A

-Hyaluronidase
-Fibrinolysin (staphylokinase)
-Lipase

67
Q

Staphylococcus aureus- VIRULENCE FACTORS: Toxins

A

-Exfoliatin
-Enterotoxins (heat-stable):
-Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1):
-Alpha toxin

68
Q

virulence factor that prevents complement activation

A

Protein A

69
Q

virulence factor that builds an insoluble fibrin capsule

A

Coagulase

70
Q

toxic to hematopoietic cells

A

Hemolysin

71
Q

specific for white blood cells

A

PV Leukocidin

72
Q

detoxifies hydrogen peroxide

A

Catalase

73
Q

inactivates penicillin derivatives

A

Penicillinase

74
Q

hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid

A

Hyaluronidase

75
Q

dissolves fibrin clots

A

Fibrinolysin (staphylokinase)

76
Q

spread in fat-containing areas of the body

A

Lipase

77
Q

toxin that causes epidermal separation

A

Exfoliatin

78
Q

toxins that are superantigens causing food poisoning

A

Enterotoxins (heat-stable)

79
Q

toxins that are superantigen leading to toxic shock syndrome

A

Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)

80
Q

toxins that causes marked necrosis of the skin and hemolysis

A

Alpha toxin

81
Q

Pyogenic diseases of S. Aureus

A

-SKIN and SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
-ACUTE ENDOCARDITIS
-PNEUMONIA
-OSTEOMYELITIS and SEPTIC ARTHRITIS

82
Q

toxigenic diseases of S. Aureus

A

-GASTROENTERITIS
-SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME (Ritter Disease)
-TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME
-

83
Q

antimicrobials Factors that cause emergence of resistant pathogens

A

-Misuse
-Over-prescription
-Poor diagnostics

84
Q

Why antimicrobial resistance has become a global concern

A

-Leads to death and disability
-Hampers the control of infectious diseases
-Increases the cost of healthcare
-Jeopardizes healthcare gains to society

85
Q

SKIN and SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
bullous impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, cellulitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, mastitis, surgical site infections

A

S. aureus

86
Q

most common cause of acute endocarditis
native valve (tricuspid valve) in IV drug abusers

A

S. aureus

87
Q

PNEUMONIA
nosocomial pneumonia, necrotizing pneumonia, complicated by empyema, abscess or pneumatocele
post-viral pneumonia

A

S. aureus

88
Q

OSTEOMYELITIS and SEPTIC ARTHRITIS

A

S. aureus

89
Q

native valve (tricuspid valve) in IV drug abusers

A

ACUTE ENDOCARDITIS- S.aureus

90
Q

what toxin cause gastroentritis by s. aureus

A

preformed heat-stable enterotoxin

91
Q

cleaves desmoglein in desmosomes

A

exfoliatin

92
Q

exfoliatin cleaves desmoglein in desmosomes. Scalded skin syndrome

A

Ritter desease- S. aureus

93
Q

-fever, hypotension, strawberry tongue, desquamating rash and multi-organ involvement (>3)
-usually no site of pyogenic inflammation; blood CS negative
-usual scenario: tampon-using menstruating women or in patients with nasal packing for epistaxis

A

toxic shock syndome

94
Q

morphology of staphylococcus epidermidis on blood agar

A

Whitish, non-hemolytic

95
Q

habitat of S. epidermidis

A

normal skin flora

96
Q

transmission of S. epidermidis

A

-autoinfection
-direct contact (hands)

97
Q

glycocalyx adheres well to foreign bodies and form ______

A

biofilms

98
Q

most common cause of
-prosthetic valve-associated endocarditis
-septic arthritis in prosthetic joints
-ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections

A

S. epidermidis

99
Q

treatment of S. epidermidis

A

-removal of prosthetic device
-over 50% are methicillin-resistant and thus require vancomycin

100
Q

2nd most common cause of UTIs in sexually active women

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

101
Q

treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus

A

TMP-SMX and quinolones

102
Q

catalase negative,
alpha hemolytic,
bile-optochin-sensitive

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

103
Q

catalase negative,
alpha hemolytic,
bile-optochin-resistant

A

viridans streptococci

104
Q

catalase negative,
beta hemolytic,
bacitracin sensitive

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

105
Q

catalase negative,
beta hemolytic,
bacitracin resistant

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

106
Q

catalase negative,
gamma hemolytic

A

group D streptococci

107
Q

Lancefield group A
positive PYR test

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

108
Q

habitat of Streptococcus pyogenes

A

human throat (oropharynx) and skin

109
Q

transmission of S. pyogenes

A

respiratory droplets

110
Q

Virulence enzymes of S. pyogenes

A

Hyaluronidase
Streptokinase
DNase
C5A peptidase

111
Q

toxins of S. pyogenes

A

Erythrogenic toxin
Streptolysin O
Streptolysin S
Pyogenic exotoxin A
Exotoxin B

112
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes: Evidences of Infection

A

anti-streptolysin O (ASO)
anti-DNAse B
anti-streptokinase

113
Q

SKIN and SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS of S. pyogenes

A

impetigo contagiosa, Erysipelas, Cellulitis and Necrotizing fasciitis

114
Q

perioral blistered lesions with honey-colored crust

A

impetigo contagiosa

115
Q

what toxin facilitates Necrotizing fasciitis

A

Exotoxin B

116
Q

superficial infection extending into dermal lymphatics

A

Erysipelas

117
Q

what enzymes help cellulitis by S. pyogenes

A

hyaluronidase (spreading factor)

118
Q

deeper infection involving subcutaneous/dermal tissues

A

Cellulitis

119
Q

rapidly progressive infection of deep subcutaneous tissues

A

Necrotizing fasciitis

120
Q

most common bacterial cause of sore throat

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

121
Q

PHARYNGITIS pyogenic complications of S. pyogenes

A

peritonsillar and retropharyngeal (quincy)

122
Q

what toxin facilitates scarlet fever

A

erythrogenic toxin

123
Q

fever, strawberry tongue, centrifugal rash (sandpaper-like), Pastia’s lines, desquamation

A

scarlet fever

124
Q

-clinically similar but milder than S. aureus TSS due to pyogenic exotoxin A
-blood cultures are often positive

A

streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

125
Q

-postpharyngitic
-cross-reacting antibodies to M proteins and antigens of joint, heart, and brain tissue
-caused by pyogenic

A

ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER

126
Q

-post-impetigo OR postpharyngitic
-M protein incites immune complex deposition on the glomerular basement membrane
-hematuria

A

GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

127
Q

DOC of S. pyogenes

A

Penicillin G

128
Q

-Lancefield group B
-hydrolyze hippurate
-CAMP test–positive
-grow using Lim broth

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

129
Q

habitat of Streptococcus agalactiae

A

Vagina

130
Q

neonatal pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis
most common cause

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

Bacteriology (4 decks)

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