gram positive

Question 1

what kind of food causes botulism?

Answer 1

honey, canned food and soya based formula for infants

Question 2

perfringens causes what kind of disease?

Answer 2

gas gangrene and food poisoning

Question 3

what is tetanus and botulism

Answer 3

tetanus- disorder of skeletal muscle contraction
botulism – food poisoning

Question 4

what are the most frequent complications of respiratory diphtheria

Answer 4

myocarditis and neuritis, otitis
media and respiratory insufficiency

Question 5

infection source of bacillus cereus and anthracis

Answer 5

C: Spores on grains/ reheated fried
rice (contaminated food)
A: Spores from animal products (meat), soil

Question 6

Edema toxin (PA+EF) forms? and causes?

Answer 6

forms an adenylate cyclase +CAMP = effects innate immunity + edema
(outpouring of ions and water)

Question 7

protein capsule can been seen in which rection?

Answer 7

MacFadyen’s reaction

Question 8

what hemolysis does listeria undergo?

Answer 8

Weakly B hemolytic

Question 9

tests for listeria

Answer 9

Catalase +, CAMP+

Question 10

infection source of listeria

Answer 10

food: unpasteurized dairy products, raw veg, processed meats
vertical transmission (mother to child)

Question 11

disease caused in neonates due to listeria

Answer 11

Neonates: spontaneous abortion, granulomas and abscesses (early onset) and causes meningitis and
septicemia (late onset)

Question 12

aside from listeria what other bacteria is caused due to unpasteurized dairy products?

Answer 12

C diphtheriae

Question 13

catalase and urease test in nocardia

Answer 13

positive

Question 14

virulence factor of nocardia

Answer 14

Cord factor: prevents phagosome-lysosomal
fusion (doesn’t get broken down)
Catalase and superoxide dismutase: inactivates ROS, H2O2 and superoxide radicals (prevents DNA disruption, so cell can’t destroy the pathogen)

Question 15

virulence factor of Actinomyces Israeli

Answer 15

Bacterial cell wall lipoproteins can trigger an overactivation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which leads to an increased immune response.

Question 16

4 clinical manifestation of nocardiosis

Answer 16

1. Pulmonary disease: pneumonia with
   necrosis, cavitations and lung abscess which
   can spread to pleura
2. CNS disease: causes brain abscesses
3. Primary cutaneous disease: from dirt in an
   open wound or car accidents forming
   abscesses+ mycetoma (like Tetani)
   Secondary cutaneous disease:
   subcutaneous abscesses (after pulmonary
   infection.

Question 17

actinomycosis forms?

Answer 17

sulfur granules with calcium phosphate

Question 18

5 clinical manifestation of Actinomycosis

Answer 18

Cervicofacial Disease: Results from jaw trauma, often due to dental procedures or poor oral hygiene, allowing normal mouth bacteria to invade compromised tissue, leading to a condition known as lumpy jaw.
Thoracic Actinomycosis: Occurs when inhaling certain bacteria along with saliva, leading to chronic abscesses in the chest wall, forming draining sinuses with sulfur granules.
Abdominal Disease: Can easily spread to other systems, forming sinus tracts with pus and sulfur granules.
Pelvic Disease (Women): Begins as benign vaginitis but can progress to severe tissue destruction and the formation of tubo-ovarian abscesses, with factors like intrauterine devices (IUDs) contributing to pelvic disease.
CNS Disease: Leads to brain abscesses and can cause conditions like meningitis and subdural empyema.