gram positive Flashcards
Bacillus cereus
Eyeball infection, food poisoning
VF; Enterotoxin
Source; spores on food- vege and rice
treatment: self limiting, hygiene prep of food
Bacillus anthracis
Cutaneous anthrax, Inhalational anthrax
VF; Lethal Toxin Oedema Toxin
SOURCE; Spores enter via abrasions on skin or inhaled to lungs
TREATMENT; Ciprofloxacin
Disinfection of hides Vaccine for abattoir worker
CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIA
DIPHTHERIA - RESPI AND CUTANEOUS
VF; DIPHTHERIA TOXIN
SOURCE; RESPI DROPLETS, SKIN CONTACT
TREATMENT; DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN, PENICILLIN, ERYTHROMYCIN
CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
Tetanus; lock-jaw and muscle spasm
VF; Tetanospasmin
SOURCE; Soil Implantation into wound
TREATMENT; Antibiotic Penicillin Anti-toxin globulin & vaccine
clostridium botulinum
Botulism; Acute flaccid paralysis
Botulinum Toxin
Soil Contaminated food
Antibiotic Penicillin Anti-toxin globulin
clostridium perfringens
Clostridium perfringens
Gas gangrene / mayonecrosis Food poisoning & necrotising eneritis
Lechitinase (phospholipase C) Enterotoxin
Soil & animals Implantation into wound Contaminated food
Penicillin
Antibiotic Wound debridement
clostridium difficle
Antibiotics-associated diarrhoea Pseudomembranous colitis
Enterotoxin
Colonised intestines Fecal-oral route
· Discontinue antibiotic
· vancomycin for severe disease
Antibiotic
Nocardia species
Cavitary lung disease Cutaneous/Soft tissue Infections Mycetoma lymphocutaneous infection Abscesses & cellulitis
Associated with its ability to avoid phagocytic killing
Soil Inhalation or traumatic inoculation
Antibiotic Wound cleaning & debridement Appropriate clothing / shoes
Actinomyces
Actinomycosis Chronic granulomatous lesion with pus draining through the sinuses that open the surface of the skin (jaw,abdomen)
Staphylococcus aureus
utaneous
Carbuncle Folliculitis Furuncles Impetigo Surgical site Infection
Others
Bacteremia Endocarditis Pneumonia Empyema Infection in bone
(Osteo- myelitis)
Toxin-med.
Scalded Skin Syndrome Toxic Shock
Syndrome Food- posisoning
Structural :
Capsule Teichoic Acid Protein A Enzymes : Coagulase Hyaluronidase Toxins : Exfoliatin Enterotoxin TSST
Direct contact
Cloxacilin
Some strains are resistant to cloxacillin; known as MRSA *give vancomycin Minimize transfer from person to person
*by contact isolation *proper hand hygiene practices
No vaccine
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Catheter-related bloodstream infection Prosthethic valve endocarditis Infection of prosthethic joints Catheter-related urinary tract infection
“Slime” layer (Biofilm) *allow bacteria adherence to medical devices
Direct contact
Resistant to many antibodies Antibiotics poorly penetrate biofilm
Removal of infected devices Catheter care Aseptic Technique
No vaccine
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Urinary tract infection Sexually active women
Unknown
Organism colonise periurethral skin ascends distal urethra into the sterile bladder
Antibiotics
Bladder emptying after sexual intercourse
Streptococcus pyogenes
( Beta Heamolysis )
Cutaneous
Cellulitis Impetigo Erysipelas Necrotizing Fascitis
Others
Pharyngitis Scarlet Fever Puerperal Sepsis Strep. TSS
Non-Supp.
Rheumatic Fever
Acute Glomerulus
nephritis
Structural :
M Protein
Enzymes :
DNAse Streptokinase Hyaluronidase Toxins : Erythogenic toxin Streptolysin O Streptolysin S
Source :
Skin & Respiratory Tract Transmission : *Respiratory droplets *Direct contact
Penicillin Erythromycin Minimise transfer from person to person
*by contact isolation *proper hand hygiene
No vaccine
Streptococcus Agalactiae
( Beta Haemolysis )
Neonates
Meningitis Pneumonia Bacteremia Sepsis
Pregnant W
Endometritis Wound
Infection Urinary Tract Infection
Adults
Bone & Joint Infection Cutaneous
Infection
Not clearly identified Ability to avoid phagocytosis
Source : Genital Tract Transmission : From birth canal Direct contact between babies in nursery
Penicillin
Ampicilin + Gentamicin Screening for carrier state among pregnant women & prophylaxis antibiotic to babies No vaccine
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
( Alpha Haemolysis )
Otitis Media ( Middle Ear Infection ) Sinusitis
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Structural :
Surface Protein Adhesins Polysaccharide Capsule Phosphoryl- Choline Enzymes : IgA Protease Pneumolysin
Source : Respiratory Tract Transmission :
By respiratory droplets
Penicillin, Resistant is increasing rapidly Alternative treatment : Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime or Vacomycin Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
