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Microbiology > Gram Negative Rods > Flashcards

Gram Negative Rods Flashcards

1
Q

Enterobacteriaceae family

A

Gram negatve, growth on macconkey, facultative anaerobes, gut flora

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2
Q

E. Coli character

A

Enterobacteriaceae gram negative rod, macconkey agar, anaerob,LACTOSE FERMENTING

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3
Q

E. Coli virulence factors

A

Enterotoxins produced by ETEC AND VTEC

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4
Q

E. Coli presentation

A

UTI most common, neonatal infections, diarrhoeal diseases

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5
Q

E. Coli diarrhea types

A

EPEC infantile GE, ETEC in developing countries, EIEC invades colonic wall, VTEC/EHEC/STEC hemorrhagic colitis bloody diarrhea and causes renal failure

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6
Q

E. Coli diagnosis

A

PCR, serology

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7
Q

E. Coli treatment

A

Same as enterobacteriaceae, Ampicillin old, cephalosporin new (ceftriaxone), alternative: coamoxiclav, piptazo, cotrimoxazole

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8
Q

Klebsiella spp character

A

Gram negative rod enterobacteriaceae, macconkey agar lactose fermenting, oxidase negative

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9
Q

Klebsiella presentation

A

Usually in alcoholics or DM patients

UTI, friedlander’s pneumonia, nosocomial infections

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10
Q

Klebsiella treatment

A

Same as enterobacteriaceae,

Ampicillin old, cephalosporin like ceftriaxone new, coamoxiclav or piptazo alternatives

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11
Q

Shigella spp character

A

Gram negative rod enterobacteriaceae, macconkey agar non lactose fermenting, oxidase negative, NOT NORMAL FLORA

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12
Q

Shigella spp presentation

A 
Dysentery (Sh. Dysenteriae) 
Diarrhoeal disease (Sh. Sonnei]
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13
Q

Shigella spp treatment

A

Same as enterobacteriaceae

Ampicillin, cephalosporin, coamoxiclav, piptazo, cotrimoxazole

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14
Q

Proteus spp character

A

Gram negative rod enterobacteriaceae, non lactose fermenting on macconkey agar, oxidase negative, normal gut flora

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15
Q

Proteus spp presentation

A

UTI associated with renal stones!!!

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16
Q

Salmonella typhoidfever group (enteric)

A

S. Typhi, S. paratyphi

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17
Q

S. Typhi and s. Paratyphi character

A

NOT normal flora, non lactose fermenting enterobacteriaceae

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18
Q

S. Typhi presentation

A

Invasion of ileal mucosa (incubation period of 10-14 days)
Invasion of bloodstream resulting in clinical symptoms (fever, headache, abdominal pain, etc)

Some individuals become chronic carriers even after recovery due to infected gallbladder

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19
Q

S. Typhi and S. paratyphi diagnosis

A

Early blood culture, late urine and stool culture

Serology

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20
Q

S. Typhi and S. paratyphi treatment

A

Similar to enterobacteriaceae

Ampicillin, cephalosporin (ceft), piptazo, coamoxiclav

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21
Q

Typhoid fever prevention

A

Vaccination Ty21a, Vi injectable

Clean food and water, proper sewage disposal

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22
Q

S. Typhimurium, S. enteritidis

A

NOt normal flora, in animal faeces

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23
Q

S. Yphimurium, S. enteritidis Presentation

A

Salmonella food poisoning, invasie infections (blood and deep infections, meningitis)

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24
Q

S. Typhimurium, S. enteritidis diagnosis

A

Culture stool and blood

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25
Q

S. Typhimurium, S. enteritidis treatment

A

Enterobacteriaceae treatment
Ampicillinn, Cephalosporin (ceft), piptazo, coamoxiclav, cotrimexazole

Prevent by good food preparation

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26
Q

Pseudomonads

A

Gram negative rods, environmental organism, oxidase positive mostly

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27
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa character

A

Gram negative rod, oxidase positive, aerobic growth, green pigment

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28
Q

P. Aeruginosa virulence factor

A

Slime or biofilm allows adherence

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29
Q

P. Aeruginosa presentation

A

MANY nosocomial infections (naturally resistant to various antibiotics)

Those on prolonged antibiotics, burn victims, chronic wound, etc : catheter UTI, pneumonia, septicaemia, GI infections, skin and soft tissue infections

Community:

Contact-lens keratitis
Spa bath folliculitis
Ear infections, nail inffecitons (green nail)

30
Q

P. Aeruginosa diagnosis

A

Biochemical test

31
Q

P. Aeruginosa treatment

A

Piperacillin (anti-pseudomonal main drug)

Carbapenems, 3rd gen cephalosporin, aminoglycosides

32
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei character

A

Wrinkled colonies on culture, endemic in in southeast asia and northern australia

Inhaled and contact with superficial wounds

33
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei presentation

A

Melioidosis

Pneumonia, septicaemia, avscesses

34
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei diagnosis

A

Culture (wrinkled colonies)

Serology tst for antibodies

35
Q

B. Pseudomallei treatment

A

Drain abscesses,

Ceftazidime or imipenem (2 weeks IV)

36
Q

Burkholderia cepacia presentation

A

After prolonged antimicrobial treatment

Cause lung infections

37
Q

Stenorophomonas maltophilia presentation

A

Nosocomial infections

38
Q

S. Maltophilia treatment

A

Co trimoazole, levofloxacin

39
Q

Vibrio spp character

A

CURVED gram negative rods, very common in surface waters, oxidase positive

40
Q

Vibrio cholerae character

A

Gram negative rod oxidase poitive, motile

41
Q

Vibrio cholerae virulence factor

A

Cholera toxin inhibits active reabsorption of electrolytes and water

42
Q

V. Cholerae presentation

A

Profuse watery diarrhea (rice water stools with a fishy odor, without pain or fever)

43
Q

V. Cholerae diagnosis

A

Culture on TCBS, grow as yellow (sucrose fermenting colonies)

44
Q

V. Cholerae treatment

A

Oral rehydration therapy,

Ciprofloxacin or tetracycline

45
Q

Vibrio parahaemolytics character

A

In salt water environments, non sucrose fermenter, gram negative rod, oxidase positive

46
Q

V. Parahaemolytics virulence factor

A

Enterotoxin

47
Q

V. Parahaemolytics presentation

A

Acute onset explosive watery diarrhea, with cramping abdominal pain and low grade fever

48
Q

V. Parahaemolytic diagnosis

A

Culture on TCBS green pigment (non sucrose fermenting)

49
Q

Vibrio vulnificus character

A

Found in salt water environments

50
Q

V. Vulnificus pesentation

A

Food poisoning, self-limiting diarrhea, wound infections

51
Q

V. Vulnificus treatment

A

Aggressive surgical wound debridement + combination of doxycycline/ceftazidime/ciprofloxacin

52
Q

Fastidious gram negative rods character

A

Grow in chocolate agar, poorly in blood agar

53
Q

Acinetobacter baumannii character

A

Environmentl, normal skin flora

54
Q

Acinetobacter baumannii presentation

A

Nosocomial pneumonia

55
Q

Brucella spp character

A

Farm animals

56
Q

Brucella spp presentation

A

Brucellosis/maltese fever

Pyrexia of unknown origin, bone and joint symptoms, endocarditis

57
Q

Brucella spp diagnosis

A

Blood culture, serology. Colonies positive for urease (urea breath test)

58
Q

Brucella spp treatment

A

Doxycycline + streptomycin

59
Q

Legionella pneumophila character

A

Environmental bacteria that grows in water, eg AIRCON

60
Q

Legionella pneumophila pesentation

A

Legionnaire’s disease: severe pneumonia

Pontiac fever: like flu

61
Q

Legionella pneumophila diagnosis

A

Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar
Immunofluorescent stain on sputum sample
Antigen detection in urine

62
Q

Legionella pneumophila treatment

A

High dose IV erythromycin alone or with rifampicin

63
Q

Pasteurella multocida character

A

Mouth and throat of animals especially cats

64
Q

Pasteurella multocida presentations

A

Cellulitis, osteomyelitis

65
Q

Pasteurella multocida treatment

A

Penicillin, co-amoxiclav

66
Q

Francisella tularensis character

A

Rodents and rabbits

67
Q

Franciselala tularensis presentation

A

Tularemia infection of skin, eye, lymph nodes, pneumonia

68
Q

Bordetella spp (b. Pertussis, B parapertussis) presentation

A

Whooping cough, can persist for several month

69
Q

Bordetella spp diagnosis

A

Perinasal swab for culture, PCR

70
Q

Bordetella sp treatment

A

Erythromycin

Vaccine in NCIS

Microbiology (2 decks)

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