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BacT exam 2 > Gram + > Flashcards

Gram + Flashcards

1
Q

Trueperella pyogenes virulence factors

A

Adhesions ,Lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan cell wall, Exotoxs: PyolysinO, Neuraminidase, ProteasesandDNAses.

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2
Q

Describe Trueperella

A

Acid fast staining, Pleomorphic, facultative anaerobe, non-spore forming, non-motile, non-capsulated, capnophilic, Gram-positive bacilli, catalase negative.

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3
Q

Where is Trueperella found

A

mucous membranes! Upper respiratory, gastrointestinal and genital tracts.

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4
Q

Are Trueperella infections endogenous or exogenous?

A

Most infections are probably endogenous

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5
Q

What is “summer mastitis” and how is it spread?

A

Trueperella pyogenes

n “summer mastitis” cow to cow spread is aided by flies attracted to traumatized teats

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6
Q

Trueperella in cows

A

Involved in most purulent infection of traumatic or opportunistic origins. May be local, regional, or metastatic. Common locations include:
The lung, pericardium, endocardium, pleura, peritoneum, liver, joints, uterus, renal cortex, brain, bones, and subcutaneous tissues. Also causes abortion and mastitis in cattle

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7
Q

Describe Actinobaculum suis

A

Commensal diphteroid organism. Gram + Anaerobic bacteria.

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8
Q

Where is Actinobaculum sues found?

A

prepucial mucosa of boars

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9
Q

Actinobaculum sues in Sows

A

Causes cystitis and pyelonephritis
3-4 weeks post-coitus
Anorexia, arching of the back, dysuria and hematuria
DEATH consequence of renal failure

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10
Q

Actinobaculum sues

A

Sexual transmitted pathogen to SOWS!!!

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11
Q

Describe Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

Gram-positive, non-motile, non-acid fast, non-spore forming bacillus (slender forms), catalase negative, oxidase negative, coagulase positive.

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12
Q

What species is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae most common in?

A

Swine. Pig less than 3 months and over 3 years of age are least susceptible

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13
Q

in Turkey and sheep is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae more frequently found in the male or female?

A

Male is more frequently infected – Fight wounds

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14
Q

Reservoir of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

Recovered from sewage effluents, abattoirs, surface slime of fresh and
saltwater fish and Over 50 species of mammals and 30 of birds. Tonsils from healthy pigs

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15
Q

Resistance of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

Resistant to drying

– Survives for up to 6 months in swine feces

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16
Q

Cellular Products of Medical Interest of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

Capsule (Polysaccharides)
– Anti-phagocytic
– Protects intracellular organisms (allows intracellular replication)
Cell Wall
– Typical Gram-positive
– Lipoteichoic acids and peptydoglycan are pro-inflammatory
• Neuraminidase
– Its production varies directly with virulence
– Cleavage of sialic acid residues on endothelial cells leads to thrombus formation
– Adherence
• Miscellaneous Products
– Most strains produce hyaluronidase and coagulase – Its association on with virulence hasn’t been shown

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17
Q

Transmission of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

Mainly by ingestion of contaminated material

– Wound infections and arthropod bites are other possible routes

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18
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in swine

A

Septic form (Acute and if untreated has high mortality rates)
– Fever, anorexia, depression, vomiting, stiff gait, reluctance to walk, palpable urticarial lesions (may become necrotic and sloughed in severe cases) are felt before visible
• Diamond skin diseases
– Acute and less severe infections (Seldom mortalities)
– Lesions are limited to the skin (but accompanied with fever) – Skin lesions are red to purple rhomboidal
– Lesions may progress to necrosis or resolve
• Chronic forms
– Significant impact in industry!!
– Progression of acute stages or without previous illness
– Vegetative endocarditis (cardiac insufficiency or sudden death) – Arthritis (limping, stiff gait, enlargement of the affected joints) – Abortion (infrequent)

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19
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in turkeys

A

Usually a sep:cemia
• Cyanotic skin, become droopy and die.
• Swollen cyanotic snood (almost pathognomonic)
• Mortalities 2-25%
• Chronic manifestations include vegetative endocarditis and arthritis

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20
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in sheep

A

Entry through the umbilicus or wound
polyarthritis
• Associated with castrations ,docking or shearing
– Affected animals show stiff gait, and swollen joints

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21
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in dogs

A

Endocarditis and arthritis

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22
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in dolphins

A

Septicemia and urticaria

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23
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in humans

A

Most commonly in animals and fish-handlers

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24
Q

How to diagnose Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in lab.

A

Produce hydrogen sulfide, catalase and oxidase negative coagulase positive

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25
Q

Treatment of swine for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A 
Acute form
–  Penicillin for at least 5 days
–  Antiserum (Equine origin) is sometimes used in conjunction
•  Chronic form
–  Is less successful
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26
Q

Describe Mycobacterium

A

Aerobic, acid-fast, non-spore forming rods
– Flagella and capsules are absent
– Cytochemically are Gram-positive
• But not stain well
– Better with Acid-fast
• Ability to bind phenol-based dyes (carbol fuchsin in 5% phenol) and resist discoloration with 3% hydrochloric acid in ethanol

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27
Q

Diseases in animals caused by Mycobacterium

A

Tuberculosis
Paratuberculosis (Johne’s Diseases)
Granulomatous diseases
• Mammals, birds, reptiles and fish

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28
Q

Virulence factors of Mycobacterium

A

Lipids, glycolipids and peptidoglycolipids, Alkyl Hydroperoxidase Reductase, Sufolipids and Phosphatidyl Inositol Mannoside, Surface Mycosides, Waxes, Glycolipid-Dimycolyl Trehalose (Cordfactor), Iron acquisition.

29
Q

True or False is animal Tuberculosis a reportable disease?

A

True!

30
Q

What is the Reservoir of Animal Tuberculosis?

A 
Source of tubercle bacilli is tuberculous individuals
• Humans(M. tuberculosis)
• Cattle and wild mammals (M. bovis)
– WHITE TAIL DEER in USA
– BADGER IN EUROPE
– BRUSH-TAILED POSSUM IN NEW ZEALAND
– CAPE BUFFALO IN AFRICA
• Chickens and other bird species (M. avium)
31
Q

How is Animal Tuberculosis transmitted?

A

Via the respiratory and alimentary routes
• Contaminated airborne, feces, urine, genital discharges, milk from infected
mammary glands, contaminated feed and water
– Transplacental, transovarian and intrauterine routes are possible

32
Q

Disease pattern of M. bovis

A 
Typically is a debilitating illness
– Progressive emaciation
– Erratic appetite
– Irregularlowgradefever
– Enlargedlymphnodes
– Cough
– Diarrhea
• Consequence of released cytokines
33
Q

M. bovis in cattle

A

Usually Mycobacterium bovis
– Respiratory tract, adjacent lymph nodes and serous cavities
• Commonly progressive via air spaces and passages
– Hematogenous dissemination to liver and kidney
• Udder infection is rare
– Zoonotic implications
– Uterus serve as portal for fetal infection
• Surviving calves commonly develop liver and spleen lesions – M.avium
• Generally subclinical
– Abortions may occur
– M. tuberculosis
• Non-progressive lesions in cattle

34
Q

M. bovis in horses

A

– Rarely infected (more often by M. avium)
– Usually enters alimentary tract
• Primary complexes in pharynx and intestine
• Secondary lesions in lungs, liver, spleen, serous membranes

35
Q

M. bovis in swine

A

Usually via the alimentary route
– Mainly M. bovis causes progressive diseases with classical lesions
– M. avium predominant form in various countries
• Genetically different from birds M. avium isolates
• M. avium subspecies hominissuis
– M. tuberculosis don’t advances past regional lymph nodes

36
Q

M. bovis in dogs

A 
Mainly with M. bovis
• Rarely M. avium
• Dogs also with M. tuberculosis
– Dogs
• Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in dogs
– Aka Marie’s diseases
37
Q

M. Bovis in cats

A 
Mainly with M. bovis
• Rarely M. avium
Cats
• Intestinal and abdominal localization is more common in cats than in dogs
– Alimentary route of exposure
38
Q

M. bovis in primates

A

M. tuberculosis, M. bovis (MAINLY)
M. avium and non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (IMMUNOSUPPRESSED)
– Mainly by airborne route (M. tuberculosis) • Mainly a respiratory tract infection
• Homeless shelters, prisons, etc
– Via ingestion (M. bovis in unpasteurized milk)
• Primary regional lymphadenitis
• Hematogenous dissemination to vertebrae could result in hunchback

39
Q

Epi of Avian Tuberculosis

A

Eradication of cattle tuberculosis in industrial countries
– Game farm, animal parks and zoos are foci of M. bovis
• Sporadic cases of canine tuberculosis and non-human
primates tuberculosis
– REVERSE ZOONOSES
• M. avium has been eradicated from commercial poultry
establishments
– Rapid population turnover (<1 year)
– Remains a problem in barnyard flocks
• Agent can survive in soil for years

40
Q

Reservoir of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis

A

Reservoir
– Symptomatic and asymptomatic wild and domestic ruminants, swine and rabbits
• Intestinal tract
– Feces, colostrum, milk, semen

41
Q

Transmission of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis

A

Ingestion or contact with fecally contaminated
materials
– In utero infection and ingestion of contaminated colostrum or milk are also possible routes

42
Q

Describe Listeria

A 
Typical Gram positive (non‐acid fast) 
– Catalase Positive, Oxidase Negative
• Non‐spore forming (acapsular)
• Small coccoid rod‐shaped bacteria
– Usually occur in chains
• Motile (peritrichous flagella)
• Facultative anaerobe
43
Q

Two important pathogens of Listeria

A

L. invanovii
• CAMP+withR.equiandfermentsD‐xylose
L. monocytogenes
CAMP+withS.aureusandfermentsL‐rhamnose

44
Q

Cellular products of medical interest of Listeria

A

ActA
– Important protein in intracellular movement by actin polymerization
– Plays a role in cell tropism (adhesion) and invasion
– Move at a rate of 1.5μm/second
• Cell Wall
– Typical Gram‐positive
– Lipoteichoic acids and peptidoglycan are pro‐inflammatory
Internalins
– Surface proteins responsible for adhesion and entry into target cells
– Induce phagocytosis
– Cell to cell spread does not involve internalins
• Adhesins
– Internalins, ActA, and protein 60 (p60)
Listeriolysin O (LLO)
– MAINVIRULENCEFACTOR
– Pore‐formingcytolisin
– Releasesthebacteriafromthephagosomeintothecytosolfollowing phagosome acidification, under which conditions LLO is most active
– Lysisofferritinvacuoles
– Induceapoptosisinhepatocytes
– Ivanolysin(Counter‐partinL.ivanovii)
– Hemolysin
Phospholipase C
– Important in mediating membrane lysis • Miscellaneous Products
– Bile salt hydrolase
• Promotes survival and persistence in intestinal lumen

45
Q

Reservoir of listeria

A

Worldwide distribution
• Soil, silage, sewage effluent, stream water, and over 50 species of animals
• The natural habitat is probably decomposing plant matter, where they live as saprophytes
• Up to 70% humans are asymptomatic fecal carriers in some cases

46
Q

transmission of listeria

A 
Soil contamination
– Fecal‐oral enrichment
• Ingestion of contaminated feed
– Poor quality silage (“Silage diseases”)
• Also nasal mucosa and conjunctivae
47
Q

listeria in ruminants

A

Encephalitis (Circling diseases)
– Most common form in cattle • Subacute‐chronic
– Depression, anorexia
• Tendency to circle on one direction ,head pressing or turning of the
head to one side
• Unilateral facial paralysis and bilateral keratoconjunctivitis
• Death follows in 2‐3days
• If treated, less than 40% of animals will recover – Most with permanent brain damage
– In sheep and goats also but more acute and higher mortalities

48
Q

listeria in weird animals

A

Chinchillas

– Particularly susceptible to listerial septicemia

49
Q

classic source of infection for listeria

A

Contaminated silages

50
Q

listeria camp neg or pos?

A

CAMP POSITIVE

51
Q

Describe bacillis

A

Large, gram positive, spore forming, facultative anaerobic rods
• Catalase positive, oxidase negative and non-motile
• Catalase production important to distinguish from Clostridia
• Typically inhabit soil and water
• Only consistent pathogen of vertebrates is B. anthracis
• However, B. cereus and B. thuringiensis are closely related
• Group is informally referred to as B. cereus group

52
Q

Cellular Products of Medical Interest of bacillus

A

Plasmids,Regulatory proteins of virulence factors, Capsule

53
Q

Important mineral associated with Bacillus anthracis

A

Ca

54
Q

reservoir of Bacillus anthracis

A

Soil (herbivores)
– Most susceptible species
– Infected animals and animal products (humans and other species)
– Carnivores comparatively resistant
– Birds are almost totally resistant – High body temperatures

55
Q

Transmission of Bacillus anthracis

A

Endospore is the infectious unit
– Infection takes place by
• Ingestion of contaminated feed or water
• Via wound infection and arthropod bites
– Humans via:
• Skin wounds (malignant carbuncle)
• Inhalation(wool-sorter’sdiseases)
• Ingestion (likely exposure for predators)

56
Q

post mortem findings in Bacillus anthracis cases

A

Widespread hemorrhages
• Black, engorged, friable spleen
• Tarry, non-clotting blood
• Absence of rigor mortis

57
Q

Bacillus anthracis in ruminants

A

Cattle and sheep are the most susceptible species
– SEPTICEMIA!!!
– Incubation (1-5 days)
– Diseases (hours-few days)
• Mortality without clinical signs can occur
• Epistaxis is common and rigor mortis is often absent
• High fever, agalactia, abortion, congestion of mucous membranes,
hematuria, hemorrhagic diarrhea, regional edema
• Usually fatal

58
Q

differentials for Bacillus anthracis

A 
Blackleg
– Clostridium chavuoei
• Botulism
– Clostridium botulinum
• Poisoning – Plants
– Heavy metal
– Snake bite
• Lightening strike
• Peracute babesiosis
59
Q

disease patterns of Bacillus anthraces in horses

A

Usually acute to sub-acute (~96 h)
– Colic and diarrhea
– Edema mainly in point of infection: • Intestine
• Throat (cause asphyxiation) – Septicemia as in ruminant

60
Q

disease patterns of Bacillus anthraces in swine

A

Typically in the pharyngeal tissue
• Ulcerative lesion serves as portal of entry • Followedbyregionallymphadenitis
• Associated with meat and bone meal
– Obstructive edema may cause death
– Ulcerative hemorrhagic enteritis and mesenteric
lymphadenitis

61
Q

disease pattern of Bacillus anthraces in predators

A

Similar to swine patterns

– Exposure through tainted meat may trigger septicemia

62
Q

vacine for Bacillus anthraces

A

Sterne strain vaccine (lacks pX02 plasmid)

63
Q

do you take field samples for Bacillus anthraces

A

NO FIELD NECROPSY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

64
Q

what stain do you use for direct examination of contaminated Bacillus anthraces

A

McFadyean’smethyleneblue

– Blue staining organisms with a pink capsule

65
Q

what is the String of pearls test

A

Characteristic blebbing that occurs when B. anthracis contacts penicillin

66
Q

is Bacillus anthraces reportable?

A

YES

67
Q

describe Clostridium

A

Gram positive, spore-forming, anaerobic rods
– Endospores impart resistance to drying, heat, irradiation and disinfectants
– The size, shape and location of the endospore can be used for species differentiation
• Fermentative, catalase negative, oxidase negative
• Clostridial cultures typically emit putrid odors
– Peptide catabolism
• MOST COMMON MODE OF ENERGY PRODUCTION
• Most are motile by peritrichous flagella – C. perfringens is nonmotile
• Invasive diseases
– Histotoxic and enterotoxaemias
• C. perfringens, C. difficile, C. novyi, C. haemolyticum, C. septicum, C. chauvoei, C. sordelii • Non-invasive diseases
– Neurotoxic
• C. botulinum and C. tetani

68
Q

differentials for clostridium

A

Malignant edema
• Black leg
• Big head of rams

BacT exam 2 (1 decks)

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