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STEP 1: MICRO > GRAM + > Flashcards

GRAM + Flashcards

1
Q

Catalase +, Coagulase +

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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2
Q

Catalase +, Coagulase -, Novobiocin sensitive

A

Staphylococcus epidermis

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3
Q

Catalase +, Coagulase -, Novobiocin resistant

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

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4
Q

Catalase -, a hemolytic, Optochin sensitive

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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5
Q

Catalase -, a hemolytic, Optochin resistant

A

Streptococcus viridans

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6
Q

Catalase -, B hemolytic, Bacitracin sensitive

A

Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS-Group A Strep)

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7
Q

Catalase -, B hemolytic, Bacitracin resistant

A

Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS-Group B Strep)

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8
Q

Catalase -, non-hemolytic, 6.5% NaCl growth

A

Enterococcus

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9
Q

Aerobic
Spore forming
-spores form when nutrients are limited
-Dipiccolonic acid–>pushes H2O out; autoclave with steam

A

Bacillus spp.

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10
Q

Obligate anaerobe (Lack superoxide dismutase)
Spore forming
-spores form when nutrients are limited
-Dipiccolonic acid–>pushes H2O out; autoclave with steam

A

Clostridium spp.

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11
Q

Non-spore forming bacillus

A

Listeria monocytogenes or Corynebacterium diptheriae

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12
Q

Beaded filament, not acid fast, obligate anaerobe, spore forming

A

Actinomyces israelii

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13
Q

Beaded filament, weakly acid fast, obligate aerobe, spore forming

A

Nocardia asteroides

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14
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Catalase +, Coagulase +
***Mayonnaise

Protein A=antiphagocytic (inhibits Fc-IgG binding)
TSST-1=superantigen causes toxic shock
Exfoliatins=skin sloughing/Scaled Skin Syndrome
Enterotoxins=vomiting/diarrhea

Skin infxn (MSSA, MRSA)
Scaled skin syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome
Food poisoning
Pneumonia
Osteomyelitis
Endocarditis
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15
Q

Staphylococcus epidermis

A

Catalase +, Coagulase -, Novobiocin sensitive

***Intracorporeal devices, catheters, lines, prosthetics, etc. for >3 months

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16
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

A

Catalase +, Coagulase -, Novobiocin resistant
***Honeymoon cystitis–>UTI
(Not an STI but is part of normal vaginal flora, and can cause UTI due to sexual intercourse)

17
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Catalase -, a hemolytic, Optochin sensitive
***Rusty, brown sputum

IgA Protease
Encapsulated (+Quellung reaction)

Pneumonia (in adults and elderly)
Bacterial meningitis in children and elderly
Bacterial otitis media
Bacterial sinusitis

18
Q

Streptococcus viridans

A

Catalase -, a hemolytic, Optochin resistant
***Infection after dental procedure (normal flora in mouth)

“No No Bug”

  • No capsule
  • Not soluble in bile
  • Not sensitive to optochin
19
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Catalase -, B hemolytic, Bacitracin sensitive
Group A Strep
***ASO titers

M protein (prevents C3b binding; cross reactivity causes thematic fever)

**Impetigo
**Bacterial pharyngitis (“strep throat”)
Toxic shock-like syndrome
Erythematous infection
Scarlet fever
Necrotizing fasciitis
**Rheumatic fever–>heart disease
**Acute Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

20
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae

A

Catalase -, B hemolytic, Bacitracin resistant
Group B Strep
***Normal vaginal flora–>think: BABIES

Neonatal meningitis
Neonatal sepsis
Neonatal bacterial pneumonia

21
Q

Enterococcus faecalis/faecium

A

Catalase -, non-hemolytic, 6.5% NaCl growth
***Bladder cancer pts

Subacute endocarditis in bladder cancer pts or abdominal surgery pts

22
Q

Streptococcus bovis

A

Catalase -, non-hemolytic, NO growth in 6.5% NaCl
***Colon cancer pts

Sepsis and subacute endocarditis in colon cancer pts

23
Q

Bacillus cereus

A

Spore forming, aeorobic
Fried Rice Syndrome

Heat Stable toxin–>Vomiting (within 6 hrs)
Heat Labile toxin–>Diarrhea (within 6 hrs)

Very difficult to distinguish Bacillus cereus vs enterotoxin of Staphylococcus aureus

24
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

Spore forming, aeorobic

  • **Boxcars
  • **Hilar lymphadenopathy and mediastinal widening

Polypeptide capsule (unique to this organism)
EF (Edema Factor)=adenylate cyclase–>increase in cAMP–>water homeostasis imbalance
LF (Lethal Factor)=metalloproteinase that kills macrophages
PA (Protective Antigen)=require for EF and LF to function

Cutaneous anthrax: spore contact–>painless ulcer–>black eschar (w/ swelling)–>bacteremia–>death
Pulmonary anthrax: inhalation of spores–>flu-like symptoms–>pulmonary hemorrhage and mediastinitis (hilar lymphadenopathy and mediastinal widening)–>shock/ARDS

25
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

Obligate anaerobe (Lack superoxide dismutase)
Spore forming
***Deep tissue wounds–> ↑contractility/spasms

Tennis racket/drumstick shaped
Tetanospasmin toxin=inhibits release of INHIBITORY GABA and glycine–>SPASM

Presentation:

  • Trismus (aka Lockjaw)
  • Facial spasms
  • Opisthotonus (aka Back arching)
  • Sympathetic overactivity (fever, sweating, tachycardia, labile HTN)
26
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

Obligate anaerobe (Lack superoxide dismutase)
Spore forming
***Improper food prep/canned foods…HONEY

Heat labile toxin A=inhibits release of EXCITATORY ACh–>PARALYSIS

Classic tetrad:

  • Descending weakness with flaccid paralysis
  • CNs affected first (bulbar weakness)
  • No fever
  • No mental status changes

Also causes Floppy Baby Syndrome
-Due to anticholinergic symptoms–>constipation (1st), lethargy, difficulty feeding, change in crying pitch of baby

27
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

Obligate anaerobe (Lack superoxide dismutase)
Spore forming
***Antibiotic associated diarrhea (esp. with CLINDAMYCIN and ampicillin, but some other broad spectrum antibiotics)

A toxin=Enterotoxin–>Binds to brush border causing diarrhea
B toxin=Cytotoxin–>Destroys cytoskeleton causing pseudomembranous colitis

Tx: Metronidazole, Vancomycin, poop transplant

28
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A

Obligate anaerobe (Lack superoxide dismutase)
Spore forming
Only member of Clostridium spp. that is NON-MOTILE
***Gas gangrene

α toxin=Lecithinase–>breaks down cell membranes
“Double-zoned” hemolysis on blood agar

Gas gangrene/myonecrosis

  • Red/purple skin that looks like cellulitis
  • Bullae
  • Crepitus felt on skin
29
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Non-spore forming bacillus, motile
INTRACELLULAR; still motile using actin to transfer between cells (“actin rockets”)

LPS endotoxin=can cause fever, shock

Neonates–>normally in vagina, so can cross placenta and cause abortions; also, granulomatosis infantiseptica
Elderly–>Meningitis

30
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheria

A

Non-spore forming bacillus, non-motile
***Pseudomembrane on pharynx

“Chinese letter” appearance
Diphtheria toxin=AB toxin=ADP ribosylation of EF-2–>inhibits protein synthesis
+ Elek’s test
Growth of black colonies on potassium tellurite agar

Pseudomembrane on pharynx with fever
Myocarditis–>EKG changes
Polyneuritis–>targets local nerves–>CNs–>laryngeal nerves

31
Q

Actinomyces israelii

A

Beaded filament, not acid fast, obligate anaerobe, spore forming
Normal oral flora, GI tract, and female GU tract–>usually opportunistic or after surgery (or IUDs)

***Yellow sulfur granules
Oral/facial abscesses with draining sinuses–>can go on to form GI and lung abscesses

32
Q

Nocardia asteroides

A

Beaded filament, weakly acid fast, obligate aerobe, spore forming
Opportunistic

Slowly progressive pneumonia–>abscesses in kidney or brain (encephalitis)

[Similar to TB in that it’s acid fast, but differentiated due to beaded, filamentous growth]

STEP 1: MICRO (4 decks)

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