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Grade 9 - Geography > Grade 9 - Geo #1-66 > Flashcards

Grade 9 - Geo #1-66 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do population pyramids show?

A
  1. Population in age groups (increments of 5)
  2. Males and females in each age group
  3. Upper and lower dependency
  4. # of people in the workforce
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2
Q

How has Canada’s population pyramid changed since the 1950s?

A

The population is a lot bigger at the top on the newer pyramid because of the better medicine technology as well as being a lot bigger around the middle to the top because of the baby boomers.

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3
Q

What is the baby boom? Identify the factors that led to the boom.

A

The end of World War II and the great depression meant that two generations worth of couples finally could have children. They at last had enough money to give birth, and the men had come home from the war, now available to “have sexy”

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4
Q

Explain the injustices Canada’s First Nations people have suffered.

A 
Stereotypes
Assimilation
Racism
Theft of land
disease
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5
Q

Explain the Royal Proclamation.

A

King George III of England would own all america, France would get none of it (not even Nunavut).
Aboriginal people would own all the land they currently owned, until ceded to the government, and then sold to settlers. Non-aboriginal peoples would not be able to live on the first-nations land without going through the aforementioned process.

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6
Q

Describe the Residential School system in Canada.

A

Standardised outfit and hairdo by sex
Children are separated from parents
Children grow up to be abusive
Substance abuse runs in the families of the victims
Only 50% of Aboriginal youths graduate high school
Education is not trusted

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7
Q

How were the children treated at the schools?

A

There have been many different reports of sexually abused natives, physically abused children, and the quality of living/hygiene standards were very low.

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8
Q

Define population density. How is it calculated?

A

Population density of a region, area, country, continent, etc. is calculated by dividing the number of people in the area by the area of the area, to get a people/km2 ratio.

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9
Q

Why is Canada’s population distribution so uneven?

A

The baby boom after WWII caused a bulge in one area
They are now older making canada’s population pyramid uneven
Birth rate for Canada is not very high

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10
Q

How can a community become more environmentally friendly?

A

By including systems such as the green bin, having more public transit, pushing off peak energy use, selling energy efficient machines in houses, having stores that sell in high quantities (costco, etc.).

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11
Q

Explain the difference between renewable and nonrenewable

A

Renewable: infinite amount, eg sun, wind, hydro

Theres finite amount or takes a very long to renew

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12
Q

How are conventional and alternative energy different?

A

Conventional Energy
Sources are energy sources with a significant drawback, such as having emissions, waste production, or are non renewable.
Nuclear, natural gas, coal, oil
Alternative Energy
Clean sources of energy, that only have no significant drawback (most are costly to set up/take up a lot of space though)
Wind, hydro, solar FREAKIN’ energy

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13
Q

How are Canada’s water supplies being placed in jeopardy?

A

Domestic water use is growing exponentially

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14
Q

How has Nestle placed pressure on water supplies in Ontario?

A

As companies are treated as individuals, Nestle argued that drawing their heavy amounts of water was acceptable, as fresh water is a basic human right, and as such the government could not regulate their usage in any way.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of NAWAPA?

A

Created for management of water in north america

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16
Q

Define water flow

A

Flow of water per unit of time.

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17
Q

Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of fracking.

A

Drawbacks
-tons of waste is created from fracking
-approx 40,000 gallons of chemicals are use for each fracturing site
-many health problems have occurred due to the contamination of air and water by fracking
-greenhouse gasses= wellheads leak gasses such as methane, which is a greenhouse gas much worse than carbon dioxide
benefits
-has enabled the extraction of a lot of natural gas that was previously unavailable to retrieve
-consumer gas bills have dropped
-supports approx 2.1 million jobs, estimated to support 3.5 by 2025
-contribute 284 billion dollars to national GDP

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18
Q

When did the last residential school close?

A

1996

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19
Q

Identify the three types of water usage.

A

Industrial - for industries
Domestic - For direct use
Agricultural - For plants and manure - literally shit.

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20
Q

What is a water store?

A

A storage of water from rainwater, groundwater, or run off water.

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21
Q

Identify and state the importance of Canada’s primary industries.

A

Forestry - lots of wood for use and export
Mining - Fracking , gas use, large part of canada’s economy, clean burning material
Fishing - export
Oil - export, large part of Canada’s economy

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22
Q

What resources does Canada use to create energy?

A

Wind power, hydropower, solar power

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23
Q

Discuss the connection between water usage and population growth.

A

As the population grows larger, water use becomes more and more due to domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes.

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24
Q

Define population distribution.

A

Population Distribution: Where the population is situated within a specific area.

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25
Q

Identify and define the 3 main types of Pop. Distrib.

A 
Scattered
   Scattered
Clustered
    Clustered
Linear
    Following a line
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26
Q

Describe the benefits and drawbacks of living in a rural and an urban community

A

Rural - Quieter, better for retirement, less busy, more natural, smaller houses
Urban - More available markets and stores, Everything is closer, faster, available transport, available jobs

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27
Q

Describe the challenges facing the mining, fishing or agricultural industries

A

Mining is dangerous, destroys buildings and nature, very limited, pollution to environment and air
Fishing industries can decrease animal populations and make them endangered species
Agricultural industries
Droughts and Floods destroy crops and make it hard to sustain a job after a couple bad harvests.

28
Q

Identify and state the importance of Canada’s primary industries.

A

Forestry - lots of wood for use and export
Mining - Fracking , gas use, large part of canada’s economy, clean burning material
Fishing - export
Oil - export, large part of Canada’s economy
Basically a lot of primary stuff as Canada relies on its wide array of natural resources

29
Q

Define Annual range of temperature

A

The highest temperature of the year minus the lowest

30
Q

Define Total annual precipitation

A

Amount of rainfall received in a certain year.

31
Q

What is self government?

A

people in a nation/region/country/group regulating, governing itself.

32
Q

Describe the challenges facing Aboriginal people in Canada today.

A 
Stereotypes
Systemic Racism
Harassment
Loss of culture and language
Not as many rights
Not as much land
33
Q

Describe both the upper and lower dependency load.

A

Upper dependency load is a higher ratio of people above 65 and under 14 compared to people of working age.

Lower dependency load is a lower (gasp) ratio of people above 65 and under 14 compared to people of working age.

34
Q

Outline the point system. What qualities does the government value from immigrants?

A

The point system is a system to see who qualifies for immigration to canada, and it values things like canadian languages, skill, education, ideal age.

67 is the amount of points required.

Points are awarded to 
Education gives max 25 
Language gives max 24
Work experience gives max 21
Age gives max 10
HRDC 10
Adaptability 10
Education: PHD or Masters, at 14 years full time study 
Language: Fluent in at least English or French
Work Experience: 2-4 years
35
Q

Define the terms immigration and emigration.

A

Immigration
Moving into a new country
Emigration
Moving out of a country

36
Q

Why is soil so important? Think about the Dirt documentary.

A

It grows our food (Agriculture)
Trees grow providing oxygen
Animals can live off foliage providing more resources
Soil is what our waste breaks down into

37
Q

Determine the difference between an issue and a problem.

A 
Problem
Annoying more than damaging
Solved easily
Does not affect many people
Short term

Issue
Affects everyday life or is very threatening (financially/health-wise/etc.)
Is more complex than applying a solution (solution is not known/accepted/etc.).
Long term

38
Q

Identify the SPEEC components of analyzing an issue.

A 
Social
Political
Economic
Environmental
Cultural
39
Q

Explain the significance of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

A

Volcano and earthquake hotspot, a circle.

40
Q

Explain Alfred Wegener’s theory of continental drift.

A

He said that there was once a supercontinent called pangea and it split apart, the continents drifted to where they are now.

41
Q

What evidence did Wegener use to suggest that all of the earth’s landmasses once formed a supercontinent called Pangaea?

A

The edges of the continents looked like they would fit together “like a jigsaw puzzle

42
Q

Why are most earthquakes and volcanoes located along plate boundaries?

A

The crust, the solid part of the earth, is a thin layer above the volcanic mantle, where magma flows. The cracks in the crust, where plates meet, magma can escape to from lava and rock.

43
Q

Describe the features and significance of the Canadian Shield.

A

Swamps, lakes, hills and basins create the landscape of the Canadian Shield.
The Canadian Shield greatly supports our massive logging industry and is a source for many important minerals such as Uranium, Copper, Zinc and Gold.

44
Q

Why are the Prairies called Canada’s breadbasket?

A

Prairies are called Canada’s breadbasket because it is the quintessential region which provides massive amounts of grain, both to export and for consumption in Canada itself.

45
Q

Name the landform region you live in.

A

St. Lawrence Lowlands

46
Q

Why do few Canadians live in Canada’s north?

A

Canadians move out to get a job when they reach adulthood
The climate is harsh and cold, so not many would like to move there
Not as urbanized as southern canada
awkward 6 month long day cycles make living in the north less than ideal.

47
Q

Differentiate between weather and climate. How do each impact your lives?

A

Climate is long term norms e.g hot in summer cold in winter
People wear different clothes for climate
Plan events

Weather is short term such as rain, snow
Inclement weather cancellations

48
Q

Describe the factors that affect climate in Canada (J. Bowler).

A

GOOD LUCK
Jet stream
Jet Stream (Polar) Layer of fast moving, high-altitude air that forms boundary between cold air masses from the north and warm air masses from the south “Follow the sun” and change location with the season

Bodies of Water
Bodies of water heat up and cool down more slowly than land Consider the desert Bodies of water affect air temperature in the region

Ocean Currents
Warm and cold ocean currents make coastal locations warmer or colder than normal for its latitude Ocean current temperatures affect atmospheric conditions

Wind and Air Masses
Air mass is a huge body of air that has the characteristics of where it formed Winds blow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

Latitude
Distance from the equator affects climate Canada is located closer to the north pole than the equator therefore we have a colder climate than say Kenya Consider the flashlight demonstration

Elevations and landforms
Is the vertical distance (height) of a landform from sea level to the top of the landform - altitude What happens to the temperature as you climb up a mountain? Temperature drops as elevation increases Air gets thinner and pressure decreases as elevation increases and is less able to retain heat from the sun Air closer to the earth’s surface has higher pressure = warmer

Relief.
The difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points in an area Change in topography (shape of land) Mountainous regions tend to have more precipitation. As air rises, it condenses and releases in various forms of precipitation Example: The Rocky Mountains

49
Q

What is the difference between a continental and maritime (moderated) climate?

A

Continental Climate
The climate of countries far from large bodies of water/oceans. More extreme (colder winters, hotter summers).

Maritime Climate
The climate of coastal countries. Less extreme climate (warmer winters, colder summers).

50
Q

What is an airmass?

A

A body of air with horizontally uniform temperature, humidity, and pressure.

51
Q

What is the Jetstream?

A

Jet Stream (Polar) Layer of fast moving, high-altitude air that forms boundary between cold air masses from the north and warm air masses from the south “Follow the sun” and change location with the season

52
Q

Why does Vancouver have such a moderate climate?

A

In the Northern Hemisphere, ocean currents travel counter clockwise. This makes the warmth from the Pacific and Asian waters trickle down into our area. Also, the arctic air from the north can not come down into vancouver because it is the tip

53
Q

Describe what happens to temperature with an increase in altitude. Why does this happen?

A

The atmosphere gets weaker the further one gets from the earth. The decrease in pressure at higher altitudes causes the air to get colder as the air releases energy.

54
Q

What determines whether an air mass will be warm, cold, wet or dry?

A

Whether it is near a body of water or not. If it is, it will absorb humidity from the water. Generally, if an air mass is near the equator, it will be hotter, likewise for the contrary.

55
Q

Describe leaching and calcification.

A

Leaching: downward movement of water through soil

Calcification: upward movement of water through soil

56
Q

Describe the differences between coniferous and deciduous vegetation.

A

Coniferous
Leaves stay year round
Pines or scale type leaves

Deciduous
Leaves fall in autumn
Flat leaves

57
Q

What is a transition zone?

A

Part of the earth’s mantle, between the lower and upper mantle, at a depth of 410 and 660 km

58
Q

Name the vegetation region you live in.

A

Mixed forest

59
Q

Describe each class of immigrant.

A

Family Class - immigration from family sponsor

Economic Immigrants - immigrating for benefit to canada’s economy

Independent Immigrants - individual immigrants whose skills and education will make him eligible for permanent residence in canada using the points system

Refugees - Coming to Canada to escape turmoil from the area they are coming from.

60
Q

Why is immigration important to Canada?

A

Strengthen economy
Stabilize population pyramid
Diversify country

61
Q

What is the birth rate?

A

Births per thousand population per year

62
Q

Is Canada’s birth rate increasing or declining? How will this impact Canada?

A

Canada’s birth rate is declining. Canada’s top heavy pyramid will stay that way if this is not ratified to a certain degree.
Canada will want to encourage parenthood more
Canada will want more younger immigrants

63
Q

Define the term demographics.

A

Data about population, population pyramid, and groups within it

64
Q

What does natural increase mean? Why is this term important?

A

It is the birth rate minus the death rate. It is how much the population increases, and a high one is necessary for the country’s population to thrive.

65
Q

Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of the express entry system

A

Pros: It allows reliable people that can be useful to the country to be filtered into the country.
Cons: The process also values economic ability (job offer or provincial nomination) over Canadian compatibility (speaking English/French, community ties, etc), which may or may not be a bad thing. That is yet to be seen.

Grade 9 - Geography (1 decks)

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