Grade 5 Flashcards
Varja Ragas w/ example
Raga w/ omitted swaras eg. Mohanam
Upanga Ragas w/ example
Ragas that are strictly derived from parent ragas eg. Vasantha
Bhashanga Ragas w/ example
Includes anniya swaras eg. Hamir Kalyani
Vakra Ragas w/ example
Irregular order eg. Anandabairavi
Nishathanthiya Raga w/ example
Raga w/ no sancharam beyond Matya Sthayi Nishadam eg. Nathanamakriya
Dhaivathanthiya Raga w/ example
Raga w/ no sancharam beyond Matya Sthayi Dhaivadam eg. Kuranji
Panchamathanthiya Raga w/ example
Raga w/ no sancharam beyond Matya Sthayi Panchamam eg. Navaroj
Gana Raga features: (3)
- Elaborate alapana
- Includes Gana Panchaga Ragas: Nattai, Gowla, Arabi, Varali, Sri
- Vilamba, Madhyama, Duritha kalam
Another name for Naya Raga:
Rakthi Raga
Naya Raga features: (2)
- Elaborate alapana
- 3 Sthayis
Desiya Raga features: (2)
- Sung w/ foreign ragas
- Eg. Kaapi, Chenchuritti, Behag
Examples of Suddha Ragas:
- Mayamalavagowlai
- Sriranjani
- Arabi
Chayalaka Raga features: (2)
- Shades of foreign ragas
- Sowrashtram - shades of Sakaravakam
- Saranga - shades of Kalyani
Other names for Sangeerna Raga: (2)
- Misra Raga
- Sangrama Raga
Sangeerna Raga features: (2)
- Sancharas of several ragas
- Dwijavanthi - shades of Sahaha, Ketharakowlam, Edukulakamboji
- Ahri - shades of Vakulaparanam, Natabairavi, Thodi
Mithra Raga w/ 2 pairs of examples
Suffixes are same eg. Mayamalavagowlai, Gowlai, Sriranjani, Sivaranjani
Varna features: (5)
- Beauty & individuality of raga
- Link between Abhyasa Gana & Sabha Gana
- Brief sahityam
- Devotion, love, greatness of musical patrons
- Usually introductory piece
Anga variations of Varnams: (5)
- Pallavi
- Anupallavi
- Mukthayi Swara
- Charanam
- Chittai Swara
Other names for Charanam: (3)
- Upapallavi
- Edukadai Pallavi
- Chittai Pallavi
Other name for Chittai Swaras: (2)
- Charna Swaras
- Edukadai Swaras
Types of Varnams: (4)
- Tana
- Pada
- Padajati
- Ragamalika
Tana Varnam features: (2)
- Sahitya for Pallavi, Anupallavi, Charanam
- Different talas eg. Kanda Thirupuda, Chathustra Ada, Kanda Ada, Misra Jhampa
Pada varnam features: (3)
- Usually for dance
- Sung in Chowka kalam, Madhyama kalam
- Swara for footwork, Sahitya for abhinaya
Other name for Pada varnam:
Chowka varnam
What are Padajati varnams?
The body of a varnam is a Jathi
Ragamalika varnam w/ examples and the ragas in it
Each part is in different raga eg. Navaragamalika
1. Kedaram
2. Shankarabarnam
3. Kalyani
4. Begada
5. Kamboji
6. Yathukalakamboji
7. Bilahari
8. Mohanam
9. Sri
Another name for Keerthanai:
Vaidika Ganam
Keerthanai features: (7)
- Praising God, beginning for forgiveness from God
- Few sangathis
- Same dhatu
- Only sahityam
- Pallavi, Anupallavi, Charnam
- Sometimes there are multiple Charanam
- Sometimes Charnam and Pallavi have same music
Ragamalikai Keerthanas: (2)
- Different ragas for each part
- Sometimes no Anupallavi
Swarajathi features: (4)
- Pallavi, Anupallavi, multiple Charnams
- Bhakti, love, courage
- Abhyasa Ganam
- Swara- Sahitya- jathi used for dance
Shyama Sastri’s swarajathi ragas:
- Bhairavi
- Thodi
- Yathukulakamboji
Tana Varnam composers: (6)
- Shyama Sastri
- Pallavi Gopala Ayyar
- Swati Tirunal
- Tiger Varadachariar
- Ponnaiah
Pada varnam composers:
- Ramaswami Dikshitar
- Muthuswamy Dikshitar
- Ramaswami Sivan
- Kundrakudi Krishnayyar
- Pallavi Shesayyar
Keerthanai composers:
- Arunchala Kaviyarar
- Purandaradasar
- Chinaiah
- Thyagarajah Swamikal
- Papanasam Sivan
Swarajathi composers:
- Shyama Sastri
- Shobanadri
- Swati Tirunal
- Chinni Krishna Dasar
- Ponnaiah
When was Thyagaraja born?
04/05/1767
Who was Thyagaraja’s father?
Vina Kalahasti Ayyar
At what age had he composed his first song and what was the name?
At 13 he composed “Namo namo Ragavaya” in Desya Todi
Who was Thyagaraja’s guru?
Venkataramanaya
What was the first song he sang at the concert? (2)
- “Janaki Ramana” Suddhasumandhini
- “Dorukuna ituvanti” Bilahari
What 3 things is Thyagaraja most widely known for?
- Kritis (700 are available)
- Operas
- Pancharatna group
What were the 3 operas composed by Thyagaraja?
- Prahlada Bhakti Vijayam
- Nowka Charitam
- Seetharama Vijayam
Thyagaraja was the first composer to do what…
He employed a set of sangathis in every kriti
What are the Pancharatna Kritis? (2)
- Deliberate scheme of melody rhythm and words
- All 5 are in Adi Talam
Later in his life what did he become and give one example of his disciple?
He sang devotional songs as a Bhagavatha and one of his disciples was Krishna Bhagavatar
When did Thyagaraja die?
06/01/1847
Who is Papanasam Sivan known as?
The greatest composer of 20th century
In what year and city was he born?
Thanjavur in 1890
In Trivandrum, what did Papanasam join, what did he gain there and when did this happen?
He joined the Maharaja’s Sanskrit College and gained his degree in Vyakarna in 1910
How is it thought that Ramaiah (his actual name) got the name Papanasam Sivan?
During his wanderings, he often sang in Papanasam and wore vibhuti, which made him get this name
Who was the greatest influence in Papanasam Sivan’s life?
Neelakanta Sivan
Who did Papanasam ask to be taken in as a disciple and how many years did he assist this person?
He asked Vaidhanatha Aiyar and he assisted him for 7 years going to concerts
When and where was Papanasam’s first concert?
During the Thyagaraja festival in Tiruvaiyaru in 1918
When was the first volume of Papanasam’s kritis published?
1934
When was Papanasam’s second volume published?
1965
Compared to the normal number of 100, how many songs did the last volume have?
101 songs
What kind of music is in the volumes written by Papanasam? (4)
- Varnam
- Padam
- Kriti
- Ragamalika
What was one of the films Papanasam composed music for?
Sita Kalyanam
Which 3 awards (titles) was Papanasam given and by who?
- ‘Sangita Kalanidhi’ granted by the Madras Music Academy
- ‘Isai Peraringer’ granted by Tamil Isai Sangam
- President’s award in 1962
When did Papanasam Sivan die?
01/10/1973
