Grade 4 Natural Science T4 Flashcards
Where do animals get their energy from?
From the food they eat
Key Words : Define the word FUEL
A substance that can be eaten or burned to produce energy
Key Words : Define the term STORED ENERGY
Energy that is stored IN something for example in food or fuel. It can be changed.
Key Words : Define the term INPUT ENERGY
The energy we need to “PUT IN” to start a fuel burning
Key Words : Define the term OUTPUT ENERGY
The energy such as heat and light energy, that is produced when a fuel burns
Where does our bodies get its energy?
From the food we eat
Where does energy come from?
It comes from fuel
Name the three kinds of energy?
HeatLightMovement
What kind of energy does a pile of logs have in it?
Store energy
Why is food sometimes called “Fuel for the Body”?
Because it contains stored energy
Name 6 kinds of fuel we use in our every day lives?
CoalNatural GasParaffinCandle WaxWoodPetrol
Name 2 kinds energy do we get from candles?
Light and Heat
True or False: Energy is stored IN the petrol
True
Where do cars get their energy from?
From Petrol
How does petrol make a car move?
The petrol is burned in the car’s engine. The heat energy makes the engine work which makes the car move.
Name 2 liquid fuels
Paraffin Petrol
Name 5 kinds of energy
Heat EnergyLight EnergySound EnergyElectrical energyKinetic (Movement) Energy
What kind of energy do you get if you rub your hands together?
Heat Energy
When a firecracker goes off what kinds of energy do you experience?
Sound EnergyLight Energy
When I run what kind of energy is that?
Kinetic energy
What kind of energy runs in a computer?
Electrical Energy
What kind of energy does a train have?
Kinetic Energy
What kind of energy can your eyes see?
Light energy
True or false: All foods contain the same amount of energy
False
Finish this sentence: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be……
Transferred from one form to another
How do we express the energy value of food?
In Calories of Kilojoules
What does the energy value of food tell us?
How much energy that food is worth to our bodies as fuel
If you are very active do you use more or less energy?
More
Complete this sentence: When we burn fuels we get…..
Output Energy
Start this sentence : …… ……. is needed to make fuels burn.
Input Energy
What energy does a referee use to stop a rugby match?
Sound Energy
What kind of energy does a hair dryer produce?
Heat Energy & Movement Energy
Key Words : Define the word EXTINGUISH
To put something out
Key Words : Define the word FIREFIGHTER
People who are trained to help put out uncontrolled fires
What do fuels need to set them alight?
Fuel need HEAT to set them alight
To keep burning, what do fuels need?
Heat and Oxygen
What is oxygen?
Oxygen is a gas in the air
What makes up the fire triangle?
Oxygen HeatFuel
What happens if a mountain fire has no more trees and vegetation to burn?
It will be extinguished
What happens if you remove any of the fire triangle from a fire?
The fire will go out - be extinguished
Using what you know about the fire triangle and energy transfer, explain what happens when you light a candle.
Step 1: A burning match (input energy) is brought near the candle wick.Step 2: The heat from the flame melts the wax Step 3: The wax turns into a gasStep 4: The gas mixes with the oxygen in the air to make a flame
What 3 things does a candle need to burn?
- Fuel (something to burn)2. Oxygen (found in the air)3. Input energy (something to start the burning)
What is a candle snuffer:
A small metal cup on the end of a long handle
How does a candle snuffer work?
It removes the oxygen
Why does a candle go out when you blow on it?
Because your breath is moving the gas and it has no fuel
Name the 3 ways that firefighters extinguish fires and explain why it works.
- Smother the fire - it removes the oxygen2. Put water on it - it removes the oxygen and removes the heat from it.3. Remove all the fuel - there is no fuel to carry on burning
Key Words : Define the word PREVENT
To keep something from happening
Here is a challenge…..Name the 9 things we can do to PREVENT fires?
- Don’t PLAY with matches or lighters2. Do not pour FUEL onto a burning fire3. Candles must be in sturdy HOLDERS4. Place FIREGUARDS in front of fireplaces5. Do not DRY CLOTHES on a heater 6. Never leave pots COOKING without an adult around7. If you suspect a gas leak turn it off and call help8 Do not use damaged ELECTRICAL appliances9. Always extinguish CAMPFIRES
What do you do if there is a fire in your house?
Get outside as soon as possible.
What do you do if there is smoke in the house?
Stay low on the ground, crawl away from the fire, get out and call the fire station.
Key Words : Define the word COMBUSTION
The process of burning
Key Words: Define the word FLAMMABLE
Able to burn easily
Key Words: Define the word SMOTHER
Cover it with something
Key Words: Define the word SUFFOCATING
To be unable to breath.
The cells in a battery have the ability to produce energy. What kind of reaction is happening in the battery for it to produce energy?
A Chemical reaction.(The chemicals in the cell react with each other)
Plastic is a good INSULATOR, why do we say this?
Plastic does not allow electricity to pass through
General knowledge: What is the name of the Nuclear power station in the Western Cape?
The Koeberg Nuclear Power Station
General knowledge: What fuel does Koeberg Nuclear Power Station use to create energy?
URANIUM is the fuel Koeberg Nuclear Power Station uses, because it has lots of stored energy.
How can we use wind to create energy?
Wind Turbines on a wind farm create energy from the wind. wind blows against the blades that makes them move to produce energy.
General knowledge: What number volt electricity does ESKOM supply to our homes?
240V
When wood is burnt what type of energy is released?
Heat energy - for warmth & cookingLight Energy - to see in the dark
The energy in ………………. makes cars able to move.
Petrol
What is the difference between renewable energy & non renewable energy?
Renewable energy can be replaced & non renewable energy can not?
What type of energy is wind energy?
Kinetic energy
What is the main source of heat energy for all living things?
The sun
What type of energy do we get from the sun, the moon, fire etc
Light energy
Is wood a renewable energy source?
yes it is because trees can be regrown
Is coal a renewable energy source?
No it is not because coal will eventually run out and can not be replaced.
What is potential energy?
This is when energy is stored and can be used later. eg a wound up elastic band, wind up a toy
Give 2 examples of light energy we find in our homes
TV, torches, I-pads, fire place, lights.
We use our ears to hear what kind of energy?
Sound energy
An elastic band can be stretched and when it is let go the energy is …………………….
An elastic band can be stretched and when it is let go the energy is RELEASED
What is Kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy is MOTION energy, movement.
I am playing with a YoYo, what kind of energy am I using?
A YoYo on a table has potential energy, and when you pick it up and play with it, it has Kinetic energy
Key Words:Orbit
The path of one object in spaceAround another such as the path of the Earth around the Sun
Key Words:Revolution
The movement of an object in spacearound another objectsuch as the movement of the Earth around the Sun
Key Words:Axis
An imaginary linepassing through the centre of an object
Key Words:Rotation
The movement of an object around itselfsuch as the movement of the Earth around its own axis
The Earth moves around the Sun in a pathway we call…
The Earth’s orbit
When an object moves around another object in space we call it….
A Revolution
In which direction does the Earth move around the Sun?
Anticlockwise direction
How many days does the Earth take to travel once around the Sun
365 days or 1 year
At what speed does the earth orbit the Sun?
108 000 km per hour or30km in one second
From where to where does the axis of the Earth go?
North to SouthNorthpole to Southpole
How long does the earth take to spin around on it’s own axis.
24 hours
How many times a day does the Earth take to spin around?
Once
Why don’t we feel the movement of the Earth’s rotation?
Because we are moving along with it.
In how many ways the does the earth move?
2 ways1. Revolves around the Sun2. Rotates around itself.
Key Words:Crust
The hard rocky layer on the surface of Earth
What is the surface of the Earth made of?
Rock & Soil
What is under the sea?
Rocks The Earth’s crust
How would you describe the oceans?
They are like big basins that have filled up with water.
What will you always find under the soil and water on Earth?
Rock
What are the four elements on which all life on Earth is dependent?
SoilAirWaterSunlight
Explain how plants need the four elements?
Make their own food by using 1. Nutrients from the soil & water2. Carbon dioxide from the air & sunlight
Explain how animals need the four elements?
Animals breathe in oxygen from the airDrink water to stay aliveGet energy from the food they eat.
Do animals depend on the soil for survival?
Yes, because they eat the animals that eat the plants.
Key Words:Topsoil
The layer of soilThat lies on the surface of the Earth
Key Words:Decompose
Break down into smaller pieces
Key Words:Fertile Soil
Soil in which plants can grow well
Key Words:Subsoil
The layer of soilThat lies undertook the topsoil
Name the four layers of a cross section of soil.
- Topsoil 2. Subsoil3. Pieces of rock & soil4. Solid rock
How does topsoil form?
It forms as rocks break down into smaller and smaller pieces.
What is so important about topsoil?
It is usually fertile and it is what plants grow in.
How do the rocks break down to become soil?
- The chemicals in the water and air weaken and crumble the rock2. The roots of plants break open the rock
What else is combined with the rocks to make topsoil?
Dead plants and animals.
Give two other names for humus.
CompostTop soil
What role can farmers play to preserve the topsoil?
The must farm in ways that cause as little erosion as possible.
Out of these three, which will hold them most amount of water and the least amount of water?1. Clay2. Loam3. Sand
- Most = clay2. Least = Sand
Key Words:Microscope
An instrument that makes small things appear much bigger
Key Words:Coarse grains
Large soil grains
Key Words:Fine grains
Very small soil grains
Key Words:Soil grains
Small pieces of broken rock
Key Words:Humus
Dark material in the soilmade of the fully decomposed remainsof plants and animals
Key Words:Eroded soil
Soil that has been washed or blown away
List the following types of soil in order from roughest to smoothest:SandClayLoam
- Sand2. Loam3. Clay
What does clay feel like?
Smooth
Why does clay feel smooth?
Because it is made up of very fine particles
What is loam?
Equal parts clay - sand - other grains
Why is humus important?
It provides lots of nutrients for the plants.
Water and wind can cause the fertile soil to be removed. This process is called….
Erosion
Soil can hold (1)…. and (2)…. between the space of its grains
- Air2. Water
Water passes more easily through which kind of soil?
Sandy
Does sandy soil have large or small grains?
Large
What do we add to sand to make plants grow better?
Compost
Why do plants like loamy soil?
Because loamy soil doesn’t get too wet or too dry.
How do the dead leaves and plants get broken down?
By small animals like earth worms, termites, crickets and spiders moving around.
Name one other way that small animals help the soil?
As they move aroundThey open small spaces for more and and water in the soil.This makes it easier for plants to grow.
How do dead plants and animals decompose?
Very tiny organisms eat the dead plants and animals
Why must farmers protect the soil?
Because it takes thousands of years for soil to form.
How can topsoil be lost?
It can be washed away by waterBlown away by wind
What do we call the process of topsoil being lost?
Erosion
Why is loamy soil dark?
Because it has humus in it.
What happens to clay when it gets wet?
It gets sticky
Why is Loamy soil just right for plants?
- It holds the right amount of water2. Allows water to drain away3. Has lots of nutrients in it.
True or false. The earth is a planet in the solar system.?
True
Can you feel the earth movements. Give a reason for your answer?
We can not feel the earth movement. We are moving with the earth and the earth is moving around the sun and moving on its own axis at the same time.
What does the word orbit mean.?
ORBIT: The PATH of one object in space around ANOTHER. example the parth of the planet earth moving around the sun.
What does the word revolution mean in movement?
REVOLUTION: The MOVEMENT of an object in space around another object, such as the movement of the earth around the sun.
What does the word AXIS mean?
AXIS is an imaginary line passing through the centre of an object.
What does the word ROTATION mean?
ROTATION is the movement of an object around itself, such as the movement of the earth around its own axis.
What is the movement of the sun around the earth called?
The movement of the sun around the earth is called a revolution
How many days does it take for the earth to travel once around the sun
365 days
What is the name of the pathway the earth moves around the sun in?
The pathway is called an orbit
What direction does the earth rotate on its own axis
Earth rotates from west to east in an anticlockwise direction
How long does it take for the earth to rotate on its axis
It takes about 24 hours for the earth to rotate once on its own axis
How did SEDIMENTARY ROCK get it’s name?
The latin word for SIT is “SEDERE”
Name 3 different types of SEDIMENTARY ROCK, what are they?
- SHALE2. SANDSTONE3. LIMESTONE
What is SHALE?
SHALE is a kind of SEDIMENTARY ROCK made from CLAY / MUD
What is SANDSTONE?
SANDSTONE is a kind of SEDIMENTARY ROCK made from SAND
What is LIMESTONE?
LIMESTONE is a kind of SEDIMENTARY ROCK made fro shells, bones & tiny sea animals
How is SEDIMENTARY ROCK formed?
SEDIMENTARY ROCK is formed when sediments are deposited in layers & harden
What does the word DEPOSIT mean?
DEPOSIT: to drop in place
What does the word SEDIMENT mean?
SEDIMENT: soil and pieces of broken rock deposited by river or wind
What does the word COMPACT mean?
COMPACT: press together tightly
SEDIMENTS are made of broken rock, how do these rock break down (2)
- Chemicals in the air & water2. Plant roots grow in the cracks
How do grains of rock [mud & sand] move? (2)
They are moved by wind & water
Explain how a grain of sand would move from the mountain to the sea.
The grain of sand would be swept up by the wind in a dust storm. When the wind slows down the sand is DEPOSITED in low lying areas. (sandunes)The dust can also be deposited in river and be washed down to the river mouth, slowing down at high lying areas in the river bed. Sometime blocking the river mouth. SEDIMENTS block the river mouth.
True or false:Water & wind deposit SEDIMENTS in the same places over & over again.
TRUE:New layers of SEDIMENTS are DEPOSITED on top of existing layers, these layers build up over millions of years.
What do we mean when we say that the LAYERS OF SEDIMENT have become COMPACT?
the top layers of sediment are loose, but the weight of all the layers pushing down, COMPACT the lower layers of SEDIMENT.
Uses for SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:what is LIMESTONE used for in everyday use?
LIMESTONE used to make CEMENTThey also add a small amount of CLAY
Uses for SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:what is SANDSTONE & SHALE used for in everyday use?
SANDSTONE & SHALE used for BUILDING BLOCKS, in their natural form. (cut tiles, wall cladding)SHALE can be ground up to make clay and re-shaped into bricks. (paving)
What is the main difference between SANDSTONE & SHALE?
Sandstone is made from sand and is layered & you can see the grains of sandShale is made from mud and the grains of mud are fine and can not bee seen
How are SEDIMENTS formed?place in the correct order;A) layers of mud & sand build up on top of each otherB) sand & mud are washed or blown awayC) sediments are compact and become harderD) rock break into smaller piecesE) mud and sand are deposited when the river or wind stops or slows down
D) rock break into smaller piecesB) sand & mud are washed or blown awayE) mud and sand are deposited when the river or wind stops or slows downA) layers of mud & sand build up on top of each otherC) sediments are compact and become harder
What is a FOSSIL?
Fossils are the remains or signs of ancient plants and animals preserved in rocks
What does the word ANCIENT mean?
From a very long time ago
What does the word PRESERVED mean>
Reserved means it did not rot away.
True or false. Fossils are a record of the history of life on earth.
True
Why are fossils important?
Fossils are important because they tell us about plants and animals that lived millions of years ago
What does the word EXTINCT mean?
Extinct plant or animal does not live with us today
What rocks are fossils formed in?
Fossils are formed in sedimentary rocks
Fossils are found in different layers of sedimentary rock. Some of the fossils are on the lower layers and some of them are higher up.What can the scientist learn from this information?
Fossils are a record of the history of life on earth. FOSSIL LOWER DOWN ARE FROM EARLIER AGES.From the position of the fossil in the rock. scientists know that there were reptiles on the planet before mammal.
There are two types of fossils what are they?
Body fossil Trace fossil
What is a BODY fossil?
A body fossil isbhard parts of the body such as bones that form fossils
What is a TRACE fossil
A trace fossils preserved signs of animals such as footprints
Give 5 examples of body fossils
BonesTeeth ShellsLeavesStemsSeeds
Give 5 examples of trace fossils
Footprints NestEggs Burrows Animal droppings
What is special about the CYCAD TREE and its leaves
The modern Cycad leaves look very similar to the fossil Cycad leaves from a million years ago
What is special about the KIWI BIRD from new zealand
The Kiwi bird hipbone, is very similar to the dinosaurs hip bone.
What is a fossil record?
Fossil record the fossils have been discovered in a place and the information about them, such as their age
What is a fossil site?
Fossil site is a place where fossils are found
What is the name for human fossils?
Hominid
How many fossil sites are there in South Africa?
There are over 30 fossil sites in south africa
Where in South Africa do we find lots of fossil plants?
Fossil plants grow in wet places Kwazulu Natal & Karoo
What important fossil animals have been found in South Africa?
Dinosaurs and the Coelacanth
What insect has not changed in almost 200 million years?
The cockroach
Name 3 kinds of fossil insects that have been found in the Free State, Eastern Cape, Gauteng and Lesotho
Dragonflies, Cockroaches, Crickets
The AFRICAN DINOSAURS related to what modern day animal?
The african dinosaur is related to the modern day animals lizard, crocodile and birds
Tell me about the LESOTHOSARAURUS
He was discovered in Lesotho. Was the smallest dinasoaur, size of a chicken.
Tell me about the EUSKELOSAURUS
Lived in the Karoo220 million years ago4 - 9meters tallWeighed 1800kilograms
Tell me about the AULACEPHALODON
Was a mammal fossilCovered in furLived 250million years agoSize of a young hippopotamusFound in the Eastern Cape & Lesotho
What fossils were found near Cape Town. ( Lagebaanweg) about 5 million years ago.?
Carnivorous bearsSabre tooth catsShort nek giraffe
What kind of animal was the COELACANTH
Fish
Describe a COELACANTH
LARGE Fish, with 4 leg like fins.
What happened on December 1938
We thought the Coelacanth was extinct about a hundred million years ago.A fisherman caught a very strange fish in a net off East London on that date. It was a Coelacanth
Are there still Coelacanths living today?
Yes they are, living in the very deep waters off the coast of Kwazulu Natal
What is the area near Sterkfontein caves in Johannesburg called?
Cradle of humankind
Is the “Cradle of human kind” a world heritage site?
Yes
How old are some of the early Human bones found at Cradle of humankind?
5 million years
What did early human kind look like?
Ape-manSmaller brainsBigger teeth
Who is Mrs Ples?
Skull found in the Cradle of mankind. Thought it was women but later discovered it was a young boy
Who is Little Foot?
An almost complete ape-man skeleton.Found in Cradle of mankind. 3 - 4 million years old.
True or falseA reptile is a warm blooded animal.
FALSE: tortoise is a reptile
True or falseYour ears help you balance properly
TRUE:
True or falseWhen something has energy , it is able to work.
TRUE
True or falseThe earths core is about 200km from the earths surface
FALSE, it is 1000’s of KM to the center of the Earth
Witch animal is the odd one out.a) elephantb) wild dogc) mountain tortoised) kangaroo
c) Mountain tortoise, is a reptile
De-composers change …………. plants and animals into important nutrients that make the soil fertile.a) deadb) allc) greend) flowering
a) deadDe-composers change dead plants and animals into important nutrients that make the soil fertile.
The hole in the middle of the eye is called the ……………..a) pupilb) retinac) cornead) iris
a) pupilThe hole in the middle of the eye is called the pupil.
what does a candle need to keep burning?a) oxygenb) nitrogenc) carbon dioxided) carbon monoxide
a) oxygen
which is an example of NON- renewable energy source?a) solar powerb) wind powerc) coal powerd) hydroelectric power
c) coalIs an example of NON- renewable energy source
Which one of the following substances would you use to conduct electricity the best?a) A metalb) A non metalc) glassd) liquid
a) Metalconduct electricity the best
To put out a fire caused by an electrical appliance, you should use….a) bucket of waterb) a blanketc) a hose from the gardend) a fire extinguisher
d) a fire extinguisherNEVER use water fro an electrical fireBlanket would catch alight
when top soil is fertile it……a) is always light in colourb) contains lots of nutrientsd) smells sweet
b) contains lots of nutrientsWhen top soil is fertile it contains lots of nutrients
Rocks formed by the cooling of molten larva are called…a) sedimentaryb) volcanicc) igneousd) metamorphic
c) igneousRocks formed by the cooling of molten larva are called igneous
This soil can not hold water and does not have much food for plantsa) sandy soilb) clayc) siltd) loam
a) sandy soilSandy soil can not hold water and does not have much food for plants.
In a light bulb, the electrical energy is converted into light and …………… energy
In a light bulb, the electrical energy is converted into light and HEAT energy
The dark material found in soil is called ……………….It is made up of decomposed plants and animals
HUMUS
