Grade 12 Unit 2 Flashcards
Alkanes
Organic molecule with single bonds only. CnH2n+2
Naming: -ane
Alkenes
Organic compounds with any double bonds
CnH2n
Naming: -ene
Alkyne
Organic compound with a triple bond
CnH2n-2
Naming: -yne
Aliphatic
Open chain
Cyclic
Closed chain
Homocyclic
All carbon in closed chain
Heterocyclic
Not all carbon in a closed chain
Alicyclic
None alternating pi bonds in a homocyclic
Aromatic
Alternating pi bonds in a homocyclic
Chain roots
1=meth 2=eth 3=prop 4=but 5=pent
6=hex 7=hept 8=oct 9=non 10=dec
Haloalkanes description and naming
R-X where x is halogen
Name: #-halo-
Functional group: halide
Aromatic Hydrocarbons Phenyls description and naming
Aromatic homocyclic structure of carbon
Naming: -benzene if attached to <6 carbon
- #-phenyl- if attached to =or>6 carbons
Aromatic Hydrocarbons phenols description and naming
Aromatic Homocyclic at structure bonded with OH
Naming: -phenol
Alcohol description and naming
R-OH
Naming: -#-ol
Branch name: hydroxy(l)-
Functional group: hydroxyl
Ethers description and naming
R-O-R’
Naming: -oxy-
Thiols description and naming
Functional group: sulfydryl
R-SH
Naming: -#-thiol
Aldehydes description and naming
Functional group: carbonyl
Oxygen replaces a hydrogen on first carbon
Naming: -al
Ketones description and naming
Oxygen replaces hydrogen
Naming: -#-one
Functional group: carbonyl
Carboxylic Acids description and naming
Oxygen and OH bonded to first carbon
Naming: -oic acid
Functional group: carboxyl
Esters description and naming
When carbon atom is bonded to two oxygen atoms, one of which is connected to the rest of the structure
Naming: -oate
Amines description and naming
Single nitrogen in the structure replacing a carbon.
Naming: amino- or -amine
Functional group: amine
Amides description and naming
Carbon bonded to oxygen and nitrogen atom
Naming: -amide
Smallest alkene IUPAC name and older name
IUPAC: ethene
Older name: ethylene
Smallest alkyne IUPAC name and older name
IUPAC: ethyne
Older name: acetylene
Structural Isomers
Different connections between atoms. (Molecules have same formula)
Stereoisomers
Same connections between atoms but different spatial orientation, can’t be rotated to be the same. (Molecules have same formula)
Geometric isomers
Stereoisomers with different geometry.
Optical isomers
Stereoisomers that are mirror images.
Physical properties of alkanes
-colourless & odorless
-non-polar molecules
-insoluble in water
-m.p & b.p: lower then haloalkanes
-low reactivity (sigma bond is very strong)
Alkane reactions
-combustion
-elimination (dehydration)
-substitution
Haloalkanes physical properties
-colourless & odourless
-polar molecules
-polar solvents, but insoluble in water
-m.p & b.p: higher then alkane, lower then alkyne, increase with number of hydrogen
-much more reactive then alkanes
Haloalkanes reactions
-elimination (dehalogenation)
-Substitution
Alkenes physical properties
-colourless & odourless
-non-polar molecules
-insoluble in water
-m.p &b.p: higher then alkyne
-stereoisomers
-more reactive then alkanes (due to weaker pi bonds)
Alkene’s reactions
-addition (hydrogenation) H-H
-addition (hydration) H-OH
-addition (halogenation) X-X
-addition (hydrohalogenation) H-X
Alkynes physical properties
-colourless & odourless
-non-polar molecules
-non soluble in water
-m.p & b.p: in between haloalkanes and alkenes
-more reactive then alkanes (due to weaker pi bonds)
Alkynes reactions
-addition (hydrogenation) H-H
-addition (halogenation) X-X
Phenyl physical properties
-colourless w/ sweet smell
-non-polar
-soluble in water (hydrogen bonds w/ delocalized pi bonds)
-m.p & b.p: relatively high (liquid @ room temperature)
- relatively unreactive alkanes
Phenyl reactions
-substitution (w/ Cl2, HNO3, and CH3Cl)
Alcohols physical properties
-colourless w/ sweet smell
-polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size)
- soluble in water
- good polar and non-polar solvents
- relatively high m.p/b.p (liquid at room temperature)
Alcohols reactivity
-addition (hydration)(end product)
-elimination (dehydration)
-CO + 2H2 -> CH3OH
-combustion: 2CH3CH2CH2OH + 9O-> 8H2O +6CO2
Fermentation: C6H12O6->2CO2 + 2C2H5OH
Aromatic Hydrocarbons toluene description and name
Singular CH3 bonded to aromatic
Naming: -toluene
Aromatic Hydrocarbons aniline
NH2 attached to aromatic
Naming: -aniline
Ether physical properties
-colourless w/ sweet smell
-polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size)
-low solubility in water
-good polar and non-polar solvents
-intermediate m.p/b.p (between alkanes & alcohols
Ether reactions
Condensation
R-OH + R-OH -> R-O-R + HOH
Thiols physical properties
-strong unpleasant odour
Aldehydes physical properties
-similar to ketones and esters
-colourless liquids (solids > 11 carbons)
-longer chains = more pleasant odour
-polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size)
-soluble in water
-important solvents
-intermediate m.p/b.p (lower than alcohols)
Aldehydes reactions
-Oxidation:
primary alcohol + oxidizer -> aldehyde + oxidizer w/ 2 more H
-reduction (hydrogenation):
aldehyde + H2 -> primary alcohol
Ketones physical properties
-similar to aldehydes and esters
-colourless liquids (solids > 11 carbons)
-longer chains=more pleasant odour
-polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size)
-soluble in water
-important solvents
Intermediate m.p/b.p (lower than alcohols)
Ketone reactions
-oxidation:
secondary alcohol + oxidizer-> ketone + oxidizer w/ 2 additional H
-reduction (hydrogenation)
ketone + H2 -> secondary alcohol
Carboxylic Acids physical properties
- colourless liquid w/ unpleasant odour (odourless solids > 9 carbons)
-very polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size)
-soluble in water
-very high m.p/b.p (higher then alcohols)
-weak Arrhenius acids
Carboxylic Acid reactions
Oxidation
aldehyde + oxidizer -> carboxylic acid
Ester physical properties
-similar to aldehydes & ketones
-colourless liquids (solids > 11 carbons)
-longer chains =more pleasant odour
-polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size)
-soluble in water
-important solvents
-intermediate m.p/b.p (lower than alcohols)
Esters reactions
-condensation (esterification)
carboxylic acid + alcohol -> ester + water
-hydrolysis
ester + water -> carboxylic acid + alcohol
Methanoic acid other name
Formic acid
Ethanoic acid other name
Acetic acid
Fats reaction
Glycerol (alcohol) + 3 fatty acids (carboxylic acid) -> fats (triglyceride)(ester)
Saponification
Triglyceride + NaOH -> glycerol (alcohol) + sodium salts of fatty acids (soap)
Amine physical properties
- primary and secondary amines for H-bonds
-gases to solids (depending on size)
-unpleasant (fishy) smell
-polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size)
-soluble in water
-intermediate m.p/b.p (lower than alcohols) (tertiary<secondary<primary)
Amine reactivity
-substitution
• haloalkane + ammonia -> primary amine + H-X
• haloalkane + primary amine -> secondary amine + H-X
• haloalkane + secondary amine -> tertiary amine + H-X
Amides physical properties
- primary and secondary amides for H-bonds
-colourless & odourless solids
-polar molecules (decrease w/ chain size)
-soluble in water
-very high m.p/b.p (higher than alcohols)
Amides reactions
-condensation (amidification)
• carboxylic acid + ammonia -> primary amide + water
• carboxylic acid + primary amine -> secondary amide + water
• carboxylic acid + secondary amine -> tertiary amide + water
What are polymers?
Large molecules made up of many monomers (smaller organic compounds), which are bonded together in chains.
Sugars monomers
Saccharides
Proteins monomers
Amino acids
DNA monomers
Nucleotides
Homopolymers
Identical monomers in the chain
Copolymors
Two different monomers repeating in the chain
Polymers reactions
-addition polymers
addition reaction between monomers that contain double bonds
-condensation polymers
condensation reactions in which monomers are linked together after removing the atoms that form a small byproduct (usually water)
1) esterification: alcohol + carboxylic acid -> polyester
2) amidification: amine + carboxylic acid -> polyamide
