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Chemistry > Grade 12 Unit 2 > Flashcards

Grade 12 Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkanes

A

Organic molecule with single bonds only. CnH2n+2
Naming: -ane

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2
Q

Alkenes

A

Organic compounds with any double bonds
CnH2n
Naming: -ene

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3
Q

Alkyne

A

Organic compound with a triple bond
CnH2n-2
Naming: -yne

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4
Q

Aliphatic

A

Open chain

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5
Q

Cyclic

A

Closed chain

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6
Q

Homocyclic

A

All carbon in closed chain

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7
Q

Heterocyclic

A

Not all carbon in a closed chain

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8
Q

Alicyclic

A

None alternating pi bonds in a homocyclic

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9
Q

Aromatic

A

Alternating pi bonds in a homocyclic

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10
Q

Chain roots

A

1=meth 2=eth 3=prop 4=but 5=pent
6=hex 7=hept 8=oct 9=non 10=dec

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11
Q

Haloalkanes description and naming

A

R-X where x is halogen
Name: #-halo-
Functional group: halide

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12
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons Phenyls description and naming

A

Aromatic homocyclic structure of carbon
Naming: -benzene if attached to <6 carbon
- #-phenyl- if attached to =or>6 carbons

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13
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons phenols description and naming

A

Aromatic Homocyclic at structure bonded with OH
Naming: -phenol

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14
Q

Alcohol description and naming

A

R-OH
Naming: -#-ol
Branch name: hydroxy(l)-
Functional group: hydroxyl

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15
Q

Ethers description and naming

A

R-O-R’
Naming: -oxy-

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16
Q

Thiols description and naming

A

Functional group: sulfydryl
R-SH
Naming: -#-thiol

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17
Q

Aldehydes description and naming

A

Functional group: carbonyl
Oxygen replaces a hydrogen on first carbon
Naming: -al

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18
Q

Ketones description and naming

A

Oxygen replaces hydrogen
Naming: -#-one
Functional group: carbonyl

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19
Q

Carboxylic Acids description and naming

A

Oxygen and OH bonded to first carbon
Naming: -oic acid
Functional group: carboxyl

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20
Q

Esters description and naming

A

When carbon atom is bonded to two oxygen atoms, one of which is connected to the rest of the structure
Naming: -oate

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21
Q

Amines description and naming

A

Single nitrogen in the structure replacing a carbon.
Naming: amino- or -amine
Functional group: amine

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22
Q

Amides description and naming

A

Carbon bonded to oxygen and nitrogen atom
Naming: -amide

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23
Q

Smallest alkene IUPAC name and older name

A

IUPAC: ethene
Older name: ethylene

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24
Q

Smallest alkyne IUPAC name and older name

A

IUPAC: ethyne
Older name: acetylene

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25
Q

Structural Isomers

A

Different connections between atoms. (Molecules have same formula)

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26
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Same connections between atoms but different spatial orientation, can’t be rotated to be the same. (Molecules have same formula)

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27
Q

Geometric isomers

A

Stereoisomers with different geometry.

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28
Q

Optical isomers

A

Stereoisomers that are mirror images.

29
Q

Physical properties of alkanes

A

-colourless & odorless
-non-polar molecules
-insoluble in water
-m.p & b.p: lower then haloalkanes
-low reactivity (sigma bond is very strong)

30
Q

Alkane reactions

A

-combustion
-elimination (dehydration)
-substitution

31
Q

Haloalkanes physical properties

A

-colourless & odourless
-polar molecules
-polar solvents, but insoluble in water
-m.p & b.p: higher then alkane, lower then alkyne, increase with number of hydrogen
-much more reactive then alkanes

32
Q

Haloalkanes reactions

A

-elimination (dehalogenation)
-Substitution

33
Q

Alkenes physical properties

A

-colourless & odourless
-non-polar molecules
-insoluble in water
-m.p &b.p: higher then alkyne
-stereoisomers
-more reactive then alkanes (due to weaker pi bonds)

34
Q

Alkene’s reactions

A

-addition (hydrogenation) H-H
-addition (hydration) H-OH
-addition (halogenation) X-X
-addition (hydrohalogenation) H-X

35
Q

Alkynes physical properties

A

-colourless & odourless
-non-polar molecules
-non soluble in water
-m.p & b.p: in between haloalkanes and alkenes
-more reactive then alkanes (due to weaker pi bonds)

36
Q

Alkynes reactions

A

-addition (hydrogenation) H-H
-addition (halogenation) X-X

37
Q

Phenyl physical properties

A

-colourless w/ sweet smell
-non-polar
-soluble in water (hydrogen bonds w/ delocalized pi bonds)
-m.p & b.p: relatively high (liquid @ room temperature)
- relatively unreactive alkanes

38
Q

Phenyl reactions

A

-substitution (w/ Cl2, HNO3, and CH3Cl)

39
Q

Alcohols physical properties

A

-colourless w/ sweet smell
-polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size)
- soluble in water
- good polar and non-polar solvents
- relatively high m.p/b.p (liquid at room temperature)

40
Q

Alcohols reactivity

A

-addition (hydration)(end product)
-elimination (dehydration)
-CO + 2H2 -> CH3OH
-combustion: 2CH3CH2CH2OH + 9O-> 8H2O +6CO2
Fermentation: C6H12O6->2CO2 + 2C2H5OH

41
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons toluene description and name

A

Singular CH3 bonded to aromatic
Naming: -toluene

42
Q

Aromatic Hydrocarbons aniline

A

NH2 attached to aromatic
Naming: -aniline

43
Q

Ether physical properties

A

-colourless w/ sweet smell
-polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size)
-low solubility in water
-good polar and non-polar solvents
-intermediate m.p/b.p (between alkanes & alcohols

44
Q

Ether reactions

A

Condensation
R-OH + R-OH -> R-O-R + HOH

45
Q

Thiols physical properties

A

-strong unpleasant odour

46
Q

Aldehydes physical properties

A

-similar to ketones and esters
-colourless liquids (solids > 11 carbons)
-longer chains = more pleasant odour
-polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size)
-soluble in water
-important solvents
-intermediate m.p/b.p (lower than alcohols)

47
Q

Aldehydes reactions

A

-Oxidation:
primary alcohol + oxidizer -> aldehyde + oxidizer w/ 2 more H
-reduction (hydrogenation):
aldehyde + H2 -> primary alcohol

48
Q

Ketones physical properties

A

-similar to aldehydes and esters
-colourless liquids (solids > 11 carbons)
-longer chains=more pleasant odour
-polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size)
-soluble in water
-important solvents
Intermediate m.p/b.p (lower than alcohols)

49
Q

Ketone reactions

A

-oxidation:
secondary alcohol + oxidizer-> ketone + oxidizer w/ 2 additional H
-reduction (hydrogenation)
ketone + H2 -> secondary alcohol

50
Q

Carboxylic Acids physical properties

A
  • colourless liquid w/ unpleasant odour (odourless solids > 9 carbons)
    -very polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size)
    -soluble in water
    -very high m.p/b.p (higher then alcohols)
    -weak Arrhenius acids
51
Q

Carboxylic Acid reactions

A

Oxidation
aldehyde + oxidizer -> carboxylic acid

52
Q

Ester physical properties

A

-similar to aldehydes & ketones
-colourless liquids (solids > 11 carbons)
-longer chains =more pleasant odour
-polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size)
-soluble in water
-important solvents
-intermediate m.p/b.p (lower than alcohols)

53
Q

Esters reactions

A

-condensation (esterification)
carboxylic acid + alcohol -> ester + water
-hydrolysis
ester + water -> carboxylic acid + alcohol

54
Q

Methanoic acid other name

A

Formic acid

55
Q

Ethanoic acid other name

A

Acetic acid

56
Q

Fats reaction

A

Glycerol (alcohol) + 3 fatty acids (carboxylic acid) -> fats (triglyceride)(ester)

57
Q

Saponification

A

Triglyceride + NaOH -> glycerol (alcohol) + sodium salts of fatty acids (soap)

58
Q

Amine physical properties

A
  • primary and secondary amines for H-bonds
    -gases to solids (depending on size)
    -unpleasant (fishy) smell
    -polar molecules (decreases w/ chain size)
    -soluble in water
    -intermediate m.p/b.p (lower than alcohols) (tertiary<secondary<primary)
59
Q

Amine reactivity

A

-substitution
• haloalkane + ammonia -> primary amine + H-X
• haloalkane + primary amine -> secondary amine + H-X
• haloalkane + secondary amine -> tertiary amine + H-X

60
Q

Amides physical properties

A
  • primary and secondary amides for H-bonds
    -colourless & odourless solids
    -polar molecules (decrease w/ chain size)
    -soluble in water
    -very high m.p/b.p (higher than alcohols)
61
Q

Amides reactions

A

-condensation (amidification)
• carboxylic acid + ammonia -> primary amide + water
• carboxylic acid + primary amine -> secondary amide + water
• carboxylic acid + secondary amine -> tertiary amide + water

62
Q

What are polymers?

A

Large molecules made up of many monomers (smaller organic compounds), which are bonded together in chains.

63
Q

Sugars monomers

A

Saccharides

64
Q

Proteins monomers

A

Amino acids

65
Q

DNA monomers

A

Nucleotides

66
Q

Homopolymers

A

Identical monomers in the chain

67
Q

Copolymors

A

Two different monomers repeating in the chain

68
Q

Polymers reactions

A

-addition polymers
addition reaction between monomers that contain double bonds
-condensation polymers
condensation reactions in which monomers are linked together after removing the atoms that form a small byproduct (usually water)
1) esterification: alcohol + carboxylic acid -> polyester
2) amidification: amine + carboxylic acid -> polyamide

Chemistry (2 decks)

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