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Biology > Grade 12 Bio Exam > Flashcards

Grade 12 Bio Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is pollination?

A

Transfer of pollen (male gametes) from a male reproductive organ to a female reproductive organ in a plant

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2
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The male and female gamete unite to form a zygote

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3
Q

Define : homozygous

A

2 alleles for a trait are the same

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4
Q

Define: heterozygous

A

2 alleles for a trait that are not the same

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5
Q

What kind of plants did Mendel use in his experiments ?

A

Pea plants

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6
Q

What was the process called that Mendel used when he wanted to breed one plant with another?

A

Cross pollination

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7
Q

DNA is composed of small units called _______?

A

Nucleotides

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8
Q

Define: double helix

A

Two spirals wound around each other

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9
Q

Define: genes

A

Stretch of DNA that codes for a trait

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10
Q

What is complementary DNA ?

A

Bases on one strand match up with the bases on the other strand ( A-T and C-G)

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11
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

Process by which DNA copies itself

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12
Q

DNA never leaves the ____?

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

What is RNA?

A

A copy of DNA that goes out into the cytoplasm to tell the cell what to do in order to stay alive

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14
Q

How does mRNA tell the cell what to do?

A
  • mRNA is a message that codes for protein

- proteins are made in the cytoplasm and then work to keep the cell alive

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15
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the DNA sequence

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16
Q

What is frame shift mutations?

A

Bases are inserted or deleted

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17
Q

What are chromosomal mutations?

A

Chromosomes break or are lost during mitosis or meiosis

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18
Q

Describe the nucleus:

A
  • command centre
  • most cells have a nucleus
  • contain thins fibres called chromatin and coil to become compact chromosomes
  • covered in a double nuclear layers with pores that allow passage of certain materials
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19
Q

What is nucleolus?

A
  • found inside the nucleus
  • cells may have one or two nucleoli
  • contains RNA granules that assemble ribosomes to make proteins
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20
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Long strands of DNA found in the nucleus

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21
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

Single strand of DNA

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22
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

A sequence of nucleotides on the opposite side of the tRNA molecules from the amino acid attachment site, that is the complement of the nucleotides in the codon

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23
Q

How are amino acids joined together?

A

Peptide bonds

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24
Q

What is the function of the stop codon?

A

It stops transcription

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25
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

In the ribosome in the cytoplasm

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26
Q

What is the role of ribosomes in protein production?

A

They travel along strands of mRNA and provide sites for tRNA to attach according to the codon sequence

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27
Q

Transcription :

  • where is the process located?
  • is DNA directly involved in this process?
  • which types of RNA are involved ?
A
  • nucleus
  • yes, because it occurs in the nucleus
  • mRNA only
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28
Q

Translation:

  • where is this process located?
  • is DNA directly involved in this process?
  • what types of RNA are involved?
  • end result
A
  • in a ribosome outside of the nucleus
  • No, because DNA is located in the nucleus
  • tRNA
  • chain of amino acids
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29
Q

What is a difference between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA contains uracil and DNA contains thymine

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30
Q

How many bases code for the amino acids ?

A

3 wash

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31
Q

Where are codons found?

A

mRNA

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32
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A small ring of DNA found in a bacterial cell

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33
Q

What is a vector?

A

Carrier used to transfer a foreign DNA fragment into a host cell

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34
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A

Bacterial proteins that have the ability to cut both strands of the DNA molecule at certain points

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35
Q

What happens is the result of gene splicing?

A

Allowed foreign protein to be expressed

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36
Q

What is the role of bacterial proteins in DNA cleavage?

A

To attach their partner (a-t and c-g)

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37
Q

How are restriction enzymes important in genetic engineering?

A

The enzymes are used by bacteria to shred invading viruses

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38
Q

What is a linkage map?

A

Shows the location of genes on a chromosome

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39
Q

How do scientists use relative dating to determine the ages of rock or fossils?

A

Utilizing the radio active decay in rocks

40
Q

Describe the characteristics of the first organisms on earth:

A
  • prokaryotic
  • anaerobic
  • heterotrophs
41
Q

Who developed the theory of natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin

42
Q

What is adaptive radiation ?

A

When an ancestral species evolves it can array of species to fit a number of diverse habitats

43
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

A technique in which the breeder elects particular traits

44
Q

What is the role of mimicry?

A

Protects an organism by copying the appearance of another species

45
Q

Define: gene pool

A

Total number of genes present in a population

46
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

The evolution of an ancestral species into an array of species that occupy different niches

47
Q

What is a pedigree chart?

A

Diagram that shows how one trait is passed on

48
Q

What is a multiple allele?

A

More that two alleles exist for a trait

49
Q

What are some genetic disorders?

A

Sickle anemia

50
Q

Describe the structure of a virus:

A
  • a nucleic acid core

- a protein over coat called a capsid

51
Q

What are monerans?

A

Smallest living things

52
Q

Describe a moneran:

A

Unicellular, microscopic, no nucleus, prokaryotic

53
Q

Define: saprophytic

A

Feed on dead substances

54
Q

Define: parasitic

A

Obtain nutrients from living organisms

55
Q

What is a receptor site?

A

Where a virus attaches to a host cell

56
Q

Define : host

A

A cell in which A virus replicates

57
Q

Where is the genetic material of a bacterium found?

A

Flagellum

58
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that infects a bacterium

59
Q

Define : bacterium

A

Genes located in a single circular chromosome

60
Q

Describe two ways that bacteria reproduce:

A

Binary fission- reproduce asexually, produces exact replica of itself
Conjunction- sexual reproduction, produces a bacterium with a new genetic composition

61
Q

Define: provirus

A

Viral DNA inter grated into the host cell’s chromosome

62
Q

Define: retrovirus

A

Virus makes DNS from host cell’s RNA

63
Q

What are some advantages of using scientific names for organisms ?

A
  • they are Latin names so they will never change
  • names according to characteristics
  • can distinguish between the first word and second word
64
Q

What are some characteristics of fungi?

A
  • do not photosynthesize
  • do not have roots or stems
  • do not contain cellulose on their cell walls
  • obtain nutrients by absorbing nutrients from organic material
65
Q

What are basidia and where are they found?

A

They are basidiomycetes which produce spores. They are found on gills of mushrooms under the mushroom cap

66
Q

Define : deuteromycetes

A

Make up a division of fungi that have no known sexual stage

67
Q

What is hypha?

A

Basic structure of multi cellular fungi

68
Q

Compare and contrast basidium and basidiospores:

A

Basidiospores are produced in the basidium during reproduction

69
Q

Through what structure is waste removed from a paramecium?

A

Anal pore

70
Q

Compare and contrast microncleus and macro nucleus :

A

Macro- metabolic functions and rest of cell

Micro- reproductive/ heredity functions

71
Q

How does water leave and enter the paramecium?

A

Contractile vacuole pumps it out

72
Q

What is the primary food of paramecium and how is it ingested?

A

Other smaller protozoans , through the mouth bacteria

73
Q

Describe the digestion of food in a paramecium:

A

Digested with enzymes in the food vacuole into oral groove and gullet, makes food vacuole, enzymes digest it and nutrients diffuse into the cytoplasm

74
Q

Define fragmentation:

A

A kind of reproduction that occurs when an individual breaks up into pieces, each of which grows into another individual

75
Q

Define: pseudopodia

A

Extension of an amoebas plasma membrane, which function in locomotion

76
Q

Why do euglenoids have characteristics of both autotrophs and heterotrophs ?

A

Because they are able to photosynthesize but when sunlight isn’t available, they are able to absorb nutrients across their cell membrane

77
Q

What are gametes?

A

Make and female sex cells

78
Q

What are some characteristics of sponges?

A
  • multicellular
  • all aquatic
  • body with pores, canals and chambers
  • filter feeders
78
Q

What are the 2 ways of reproduction ?

A

Asexual by budding and sexual by fusion of games

78
Q

Characteristics of roundworms?

A
  • tube within a tube body plan
  • 2 openings , mouth and anus
  • free living in soil
79
Q

What are 3 ways in which roundworms differ from flatworms ?

A
  • have a mouth and an anus
    – well developed sense organs
  • tube like digestive system
80
Q

What are tunicates?

A

Marine animals

81
Q

What is meant by animal behaviour?

A

Anything an animal does in response to a stimulus

82
Q

What is learned behaviour?

A

When behaviour changes through practice or experience

83
Q

What are some characteristics on monocots?

A

Parallel Venetian in leaves

  • flower parts in multiples of 3
  • vascular system scattered in cross section of stems
84
Q

Characteristics of dicots:

A
  • net venation in leaves
  • flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
  • vascular tissues in rings in cross section of plants
85
Q

What are gymnosperms? And some examples

A

Diverse group in which the seeds are exposed

- conifers, cycads, ginkgoes

86
Q

What are angiosperms? And some examples

A

Flowering plants and their seeds are enclosed within fruits

- dicots and monocots

87
Q

What are vascular tissues?

A

Made up of tubelike, elongated cells that food and other materials are transported through

88
Q

What are some examples that influence population growth?

A
  • Natality
  • mortality
  • immigration
  • emigration
89
Q

Describe the feeding process of a sea star:

A

Pushes stomach out and spreads it over the food, powerful enzymes secrete and turn food into liquid that can be absorbed the IT pulls its stomach back inside

90
Q

What is translation?

A

Process of mRNA moving from the nucleus into the cytoplasm that goes to the ribosomes where the mRNA get decoded by tRNA

91
Q

2 main groups of amphibians:

A

Anura- frogs and Todd ( legs no tail)

Caudata- salamanders ( have a tail and legs )

92
Q

What is the theory of natural selection ?

A

Individuals variations are likely to survive and reproduce because they can adapt

93
Q

What are some spore dispersing plants?

A

Whisk ferns, club mosses , horse tails and ferns

94
Q

What are some types of fungus?

A

Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Zygomycetes
Deuteromycetes

Biology (1 decks)

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