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Science > Grade 10 Exam > Flashcards

Grade 10 Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Reactions of acids and bases

A

Acids: React with metals to form hydrogen gas, carbonates to form carbon dioxide
Bases: Don’t react with either

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2
Q

BTB, phth, and litmus indicatiors

A

BTB: Acid turns orange
Phth: Base turns pink
Litmus: Acid turns red in blue, base turns blue in red

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3
Q

What does pH mean, and what does it measure?

A
  • Power of hydrogen

- Measures concentration of H+ ions

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4
Q

How does the pH scale work?

A
  • Logarithmic (1= 10^1)

- Difference of one actually means that a substance is 10x more acidic than the other

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5
Q

Household acids

A
  • Lemon
  • Pineapple
  • Vinegar
  • Grapefruit
  • Citric acid
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6
Q

Household bases

A
  • Drain cleaner
  • Baking soda
  • Ammonia
  • Toothpaste
  • Dish soaps
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7
Q

Combustion def.

A

The rapid reaction of a substance with OXYGEN to produce OXIDES+ENERGY; burning

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8
Q

Hydrocarbon def.

A

Group of molecular compounds containing only HYDROGEN and CARBON- most originate from fossil fuels

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9
Q

Complete combustion equation and conditions

A

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen -> CO2 + Water + Energy

-Oxygen is plentiful, uses all available fuel

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10
Q

Incomplete combustion

A
  • Oxygen supply is limited

- May produce carbon monoxide, carbon, CO2, water, energy, etc.

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11
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

Odourless, colourless, highly toxic

Result of incomplete combustion of fuels in a CONTAINED SPACE

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12
Q

Soot

A

Particles of carbon; evidence of incomplete combustion

Causes pollution

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13
Q

Combustion of hydrogens

A

-React with oxygen (burns) to form water

H20 + O2 -> H20 + Energy

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14
Q

Combustion of phosphorous (white and red)

A

Matches: Friction from rubbing releases energy, which turns red phosphorus into white phosphorus; burns instantly in air

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15
Q

Diffusion

A

Chemicals used during cell activity/growth enter cell across membrane and travel through diffusion
Chemicals move from high concentration to low concentration

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16
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water; how water moves from cell to cell

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17
Q

Nucleus

A 
Membrane bound, spherical
Contains DNA (chromosomes) and controls cell activities via DNA
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18
Q

Chromosomes

A

Condensed, threadlike strands of DNA in nucleus. Contain genetic information.

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19
Q

Nucleolus

A

Synthesis of ribosomes

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20
Q

Cilia

A

Membrane protrusion; short and hairlike. Locomotion.

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21
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid/structures between cell membrane and nucleus. Pool used for metabolism, transportation.

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22
Q

Flagella

A

Long hairlike structures, locomotion (A)

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23
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Flattened membrane tubes (lasagna)- modification and packing of proteins

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24
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane bound, full of enzymes. Digest food and break down dead cells (mostly A)

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25
Q

Mitochondria

A

DOUBLE MEMBRANE, site of cellular respiration (“powerhouse”)

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26
Q

Ribosomes

A

Tiny spherical structures. Located in cytoplasm/endoplasmic reticulum. SYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN.

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27
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Membranous network around nucleus, covered in ribosomes. Synthesis of protein, bound for export; transportation

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28
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesis of lipids

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29
Q

Vacuole

A

Membrane bound, storage

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30
Q

Vesicles

A

Small, membrane bound. Transportation between/within cells.

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31
Q

2 types of Stem Cells

A

Embryonic (cord blood) and tissue/adult (produce mostly blood cells, found in bone marrow)

32
Q

Regeneration

A

The ability of a tissue to repair itself.

33
Q

Aptosis

A

A cell’s natural time to die

34
Q

Mutation

A

Random change in DNA

35
Q

Mestasis

A

Harmful cells divide out of control and invade other body parts

36
Q

Tumour (+ 2 types)

A

Dense mass formed by uncontrollable cell division.

  • Benign: Not cancerous, cannot metastasize, but put pressure on organs
  • Malignant: Cancerous, can metastasize, steal nutrients/space from healthy cells
37
Q

Endoscopy

A

Fibre-optic cable w/ camera and light, inserted into body.

38
Q

X-ray

A

View bones, lungs; mammogram for breast cancer.

However, can cause DNA damage

39
Q

Ultrasound

A

High frequency sound waves create a digital image, used for soft tissues

40
Q

CT scaning

A

Xrays from different angles, form a series

41
Q

MRI

A

Radio waves/magnetic field create image viewed in slices, appear 3D

42
Q

Only way to officially diagnose cancer

A

BIOPSY: Examine suspected cancer cell under a microscope

43
Q

Surgery (Cancer)

A

Physically remove cancerous tissue (Accessible tumours)

44
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Drugs which slow division or kill cells. Early stage, try to shrink for radiation/surgery

45
Q

Radiation

A

Reaches tumors that haven’t been discovered yet. Uses focused beam or implants a wire into the tumor.

46
Q

Biophontics

A

Beams of light to detect/treat cancer, allows for early detection

47
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • Thin sheets of tightly packed cells
  • Covers surfaces, internal organs
  • Protect from dehydration
  • Low friction
  • E.g. skin, lining of digestive system
48
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • Cells/fibres suspended in matrix
  • Support and insulation
  • e.g. bone (calcium carbonate) and blood (plasma)
49
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • Bundles of long cells called muscle fibres
  • Contract/shorten by proteins
  • 3 types: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
50
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Long, thin cells with five branches at the ends, capable of conducting electrical impulses
-Sensory, communication coordination

51
Q

Function of digestive system

A

Take in food, digest it, absorb nutrients/water, excrete waste

52
Q

Pathway of digestive system

A

Mouth (physical- increase SA-and chemical enzymes digestion)
Esophagus (path to stomach- 5 seconds)
PERISTALSIS- Smooth muscle contractions for one direction movement
Stomach- holds food (2.5h) contains cells that produce enzymes/acid, site of chemical/physical digestion, kills harmful microbes or parasites, digest proteins

53
Q

Liver

A

Production of bile for breakdown

54
Q

Pancreas

A

Production of enzymes for digestion, insulin

55
Q

Small intestine

A

Production of enzymes, absorption of products

56
Q

Large intestine

A

Absorption of water

57
Q

Circulatory system functions

A

Transport gases, nutrients, waste, hormones, and immune cells/chemicals

58
Q

3 Main components of circulatory system

A

Heart, blood, and blood vessels

59
Q

2 circulatory systems

A

Pulmonary (to and from lungs) and systematic (to and from rest of body)

60
Q

Blood vessels

A

Arteries- AWAY, oxygenated. More pressure, thicker walls.
Veins- TOWARDS, deoxygenated, less pressure, thinner walls.
Capillaries- tiny veins, site of exchange

61
Q

What makes up blood?

A 
35% plasma
45% blood cells
-Red (erythrocytes) O2 transport
-White (Leukocytes) immunte system
-Plate cells- clottings
62
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Plaque (fat, calcium, cholestrol) buildup, genetic or carcinogenic.
Diagnosed by ANGIOGRAM

63
Q

Heart attack

A

Coronary arteries are completely blocked, by plaque/blood clot
Heart muscles don’t receive nutrients or oxygen, tissue starts to die, heart stops pumping.

64
Q

2 functions of nervous system

A
  • Perceive information

- Respond to environment

65
Q

2 parts of central nervous system

A

Brain: protected by skull

Spinal cords: Transport info, protected by vertebrae

66
Q

Peripheral nervous system (function and parts)

A

Control voluntary mucles, carry info from sensory organs to brain, regulate involuntary functions
Neurons: Specialized cells that transmit nerve impulses
Nerves: Bundles of neurons

67
Q

Reflexes

A

Actions that occur without conscious thought, don’t involve brain

68
Q

3 types of CONNECTIVE tissue in the skeleton

A

Bones: Hard and dense, bone cells in calcium carbonate/collagen fibres.
Ligaments: Tough, elastic tissues that hold bones together at joints. Collagen fibres
Cartilage: Special cells in a matrix of collagen fibres. Strong, flexible, low-friction.

69
Q

How do skeletal muscles work

A

Contract and shorten to exert a force, moving bones, attached by TENDONS
Work in pairs because they can pull but don’t push (bicep and tricep)

70
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

Responsible for providing oxygen needed by body, removes carbon dioxide as your body uses energy for growth/repair/movement. Works with circulatory system

71
Q

Features of respiratory system

A
  • Mouth/nose
  • Pharynx
  • Trachea (cartilage rings)
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
  • Bronchioles
72
Q

What lines the respiratory system, and why?

A

Epithelial cells line bronchi and trachea, producing mucus and containing cilia which move the mucus and filter materials

73
Q

How does breathing work?

A

Inhalation: Rib cage and diaphragm expand, increasing volume and allowing air in
Exhalation: Rib cage and diaphragm contract, increasing pressure and breathing air out

74
Q

Why do we breathe faster when we exercise?

A

-Controlled by brain which detects concentration of CO2 in blood, as we use more energy, heart pumps and lungs breather faster to replace energy

75
Q

Respiratory system of fish

A

Gills (covered by operculum) have capillaries that bring blood closer to water, oxygen diffuses from water into blood.
Open and close mouths to create a water flow over gills

76
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Infectious lung disease, bacteria that enters upon breathing. Can be fatal. Detected by chest x ray.

77
Q

SARS

A

(Severe acute respiratory syndrome) new disease, flu like, rare, diagnosed by x-ray and lab samples. Pneumonia like.

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