Grade 10 Exam Flashcards
Reactions of acids and bases
Acids: React with metals to form hydrogen gas, carbonates to form carbon dioxide
Bases: Don’t react with either
BTB, phth, and litmus indicatiors
BTB: Acid turns orange
Phth: Base turns pink
Litmus: Acid turns red in blue, base turns blue in red
What does pH mean, and what does it measure?
- Power of hydrogen
- Measures concentration of H+ ions
How does the pH scale work?
- Logarithmic (1= 10^1)
- Difference of one actually means that a substance is 10x more acidic than the other
Household acids
- Lemon
- Pineapple
- Vinegar
- Grapefruit
- Citric acid
Household bases
- Drain cleaner
- Baking soda
- Ammonia
- Toothpaste
- Dish soaps
Combustion def.
The rapid reaction of a substance with OXYGEN to produce OXIDES+ENERGY; burning
Hydrocarbon def.
Group of molecular compounds containing only HYDROGEN and CARBON- most originate from fossil fuels
Complete combustion equation and conditions
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen -> CO2 + Water + Energy
-Oxygen is plentiful, uses all available fuel
Incomplete combustion
- Oxygen supply is limited
- May produce carbon monoxide, carbon, CO2, water, energy, etc.
Carbon monoxide
Odourless, colourless, highly toxic
Result of incomplete combustion of fuels in a CONTAINED SPACE
Soot
Particles of carbon; evidence of incomplete combustion
Causes pollution
Combustion of hydrogens
-React with oxygen (burns) to form water
H20 + O2 -> H20 + Energy
Combustion of phosphorous (white and red)
Matches: Friction from rubbing releases energy, which turns red phosphorus into white phosphorus; burns instantly in air
Diffusion
Chemicals used during cell activity/growth enter cell across membrane and travel through diffusion
Chemicals move from high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis
Diffusion of water; how water moves from cell to cell
Nucleus
Membrane bound, spherical Contains DNA (chromosomes) and controls cell activities via DNA
Chromosomes
Condensed, threadlike strands of DNA in nucleus. Contain genetic information.
Nucleolus
Synthesis of ribosomes
Cilia
Membrane protrusion; short and hairlike. Locomotion.
Cytoplasm
Fluid/structures between cell membrane and nucleus. Pool used for metabolism, transportation.
Flagella
Long hairlike structures, locomotion (A)
Golgi Apparatus
Flattened membrane tubes (lasagna)- modification and packing of proteins
Lysosomes
Membrane bound, full of enzymes. Digest food and break down dead cells (mostly A)
Mitochondria
DOUBLE MEMBRANE, site of cellular respiration (“powerhouse”)
Ribosomes
Tiny spherical structures. Located in cytoplasm/endoplasmic reticulum. SYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Membranous network around nucleus, covered in ribosomes. Synthesis of protein, bound for export; transportation
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesis of lipids
Vacuole
Membrane bound, storage
Vesicles
Small, membrane bound. Transportation between/within cells.
2 types of Stem Cells
Embryonic (cord blood) and tissue/adult (produce mostly blood cells, found in bone marrow)
Regeneration
The ability of a tissue to repair itself.
Aptosis
A cell’s natural time to die
Mutation
Random change in DNA
Mestasis
Harmful cells divide out of control and invade other body parts
Tumour (+ 2 types)
Dense mass formed by uncontrollable cell division.
- Benign: Not cancerous, cannot metastasize, but put pressure on organs
- Malignant: Cancerous, can metastasize, steal nutrients/space from healthy cells
Endoscopy
Fibre-optic cable w/ camera and light, inserted into body.
X-ray
View bones, lungs; mammogram for breast cancer.
However, can cause DNA damage
Ultrasound
High frequency sound waves create a digital image, used for soft tissues
CT scaning
Xrays from different angles, form a series
MRI
Radio waves/magnetic field create image viewed in slices, appear 3D
Only way to officially diagnose cancer
BIOPSY: Examine suspected cancer cell under a microscope
Surgery (Cancer)
Physically remove cancerous tissue (Accessible tumours)
Chemotherapy
Drugs which slow division or kill cells. Early stage, try to shrink for radiation/surgery
Radiation
Reaches tumors that haven’t been discovered yet. Uses focused beam or implants a wire into the tumor.
Biophontics
Beams of light to detect/treat cancer, allows for early detection
Epithelial Tissue
- Thin sheets of tightly packed cells
- Covers surfaces, internal organs
- Protect from dehydration
- Low friction
- E.g. skin, lining of digestive system
Connective tissue
- Cells/fibres suspended in matrix
- Support and insulation
- e.g. bone (calcium carbonate) and blood (plasma)
Muscle tissue
- Bundles of long cells called muscle fibres
- Contract/shorten by proteins
- 3 types: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Nervous tissue
Long, thin cells with five branches at the ends, capable of conducting electrical impulses
-Sensory, communication coordination
Function of digestive system
Take in food, digest it, absorb nutrients/water, excrete waste
Pathway of digestive system
Mouth (physical- increase SA-and chemical enzymes digestion)
Esophagus (path to stomach- 5 seconds)
PERISTALSIS- Smooth muscle contractions for one direction movement
Stomach- holds food (2.5h) contains cells that produce enzymes/acid, site of chemical/physical digestion, kills harmful microbes or parasites, digest proteins
Liver
Production of bile for breakdown
Pancreas
Production of enzymes for digestion, insulin
Small intestine
Production of enzymes, absorption of products
Large intestine
Absorption of water
Circulatory system functions
Transport gases, nutrients, waste, hormones, and immune cells/chemicals
3 Main components of circulatory system
Heart, blood, and blood vessels
2 circulatory systems
Pulmonary (to and from lungs) and systematic (to and from rest of body)
Blood vessels
Arteries- AWAY, oxygenated. More pressure, thicker walls.
Veins- TOWARDS, deoxygenated, less pressure, thinner walls.
Capillaries- tiny veins, site of exchange
What makes up blood?
35% plasma 45% blood cells -Red (erythrocytes) O2 transport -White (Leukocytes) immunte system -Plate cells- clottings
Coronary artery disease
Plaque (fat, calcium, cholestrol) buildup, genetic or carcinogenic.
Diagnosed by ANGIOGRAM
Heart attack
Coronary arteries are completely blocked, by plaque/blood clot
Heart muscles don’t receive nutrients or oxygen, tissue starts to die, heart stops pumping.
2 functions of nervous system
- Perceive information
- Respond to environment
2 parts of central nervous system
Brain: protected by skull
Spinal cords: Transport info, protected by vertebrae
Peripheral nervous system (function and parts)
Control voluntary mucles, carry info from sensory organs to brain, regulate involuntary functions
Neurons: Specialized cells that transmit nerve impulses
Nerves: Bundles of neurons
Reflexes
Actions that occur without conscious thought, don’t involve brain
3 types of CONNECTIVE tissue in the skeleton
Bones: Hard and dense, bone cells in calcium carbonate/collagen fibres.
Ligaments: Tough, elastic tissues that hold bones together at joints. Collagen fibres
Cartilage: Special cells in a matrix of collagen fibres. Strong, flexible, low-friction.
How do skeletal muscles work
Contract and shorten to exert a force, moving bones, attached by TENDONS
Work in pairs because they can pull but don’t push (bicep and tricep)
What does the respiratory system do?
Responsible for providing oxygen needed by body, removes carbon dioxide as your body uses energy for growth/repair/movement. Works with circulatory system
Features of respiratory system
- Mouth/nose
- Pharynx
- Trachea (cartilage rings)
- Bronchi
- Lungs
- Bronchioles
What lines the respiratory system, and why?
Epithelial cells line bronchi and trachea, producing mucus and containing cilia which move the mucus and filter materials
How does breathing work?
Inhalation: Rib cage and diaphragm expand, increasing volume and allowing air in
Exhalation: Rib cage and diaphragm contract, increasing pressure and breathing air out
Why do we breathe faster when we exercise?
-Controlled by brain which detects concentration of CO2 in blood, as we use more energy, heart pumps and lungs breather faster to replace energy
Respiratory system of fish
Gills (covered by operculum) have capillaries that bring blood closer to water, oxygen diffuses from water into blood.
Open and close mouths to create a water flow over gills
Tuberculosis
Infectious lung disease, bacteria that enters upon breathing. Can be fatal. Detected by chest x ray.
SARS
(Severe acute respiratory syndrome) new disease, flu like, rare, diagnosed by x-ray and lab samples. Pneumonia like.
