Graciela_Osorio _ Ap Gov_ Ch.3 Flashcards
Abraham Lincoln
16th president of the United States (1861–65), who preserved the Union during the American Civil War and brought about the emancipation of the slaves.
Andrew Johnson
17th president of the United States (1865–69), who took office upon the assassination of Pres. Abraham Lincoln during the closing months of the American Civil War (1861–65). His lenient Reconstruction policies toward the South embittered the Radical Republicans in Congress and led to his political downfall and to his impeachment, though he was acquitted.
Barack Obama
44th president of the United States (2009–17) and the first African American to hold the office. Before winning the presidency, Obama represented Illinois in the U.S. Senate (2005–08). He was the third African American to be elected to that body since the end of Reconstruction (1877). In 2009 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize “for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples.”
Baron v. Baltimore 1833
the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution’s Bill of Rights restricts only the powers of the federal government and not those of the state governments.
Bill of attainder
a legislative act finding a person guilty of treason or felony without a trial, A law that declares a person, without trial, to be guilty of a crime. The state legislatures and Congress are forbidden to pass such acts, Article 1, Sections 9 and 10, of the Constitution.
Block Grant
A payment that the federal government distributes to a state or local government and for which the recipient determines the specific use., Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services.
Calvin Coolidge
30th president of the United States (1923–29). Coolidge acceded to the presidency after the death in office of Warren G. Harding, just as the Harding scandals were coming to light. He restored integrity to the executive branch of the federal government while continuing the conservative pro-business policies of his predecessor.
Categorial Grants
federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes, or “categories,” of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions.
Civil War
War Between the States, four-year war (1861–65) between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America
Charter
a document, issued by a sovereign or state, outlining the conditions under which a corporation, colony,
city, or other corporate body is organized, and defining its rights and privileges.
Concurrent Powers
powers that are shared by both the national and state governments
- issuing licenses
- taxation
- environmental regulation
- establishing courts
- eminent domain
Confederate States of America
A republic formed in February 1861, and composed of the 11 Southern states that seceded from the United States in order to preserve slavery and states’ rights. It was dissolved in 1865 after being defeated in the American Civil War.
Confederation
A political system in which states or regional governments retain ultimate authority except for those powers that they expressly delegate to a central government.
Cooperative Federalism
also known as marble-cake federalism, is a concept of federalism in which national, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve common problems, rather than making policies separately but more or less equally
Counties
largest territorial unit between a city and a town
Democracy
Government by the people, both directly or indirectly, with free and frequent elections.
Dillion’s Rule
A legal principle that holds that the terms of city charters are to be interpreted narrowly. Under this rule, a municipal corporation can exercise only those powers expressly given, implied, or essential, state powers.
Dred Scott v Sandford
the Supreme Court ruled that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court. The Court also ruled that Congress lacked power to ban slavery in the U.S. territories.
Dual Federalism
A constitutional theory that the national government and the state governments each have defined areas of authority, especially over commerce.
Enumerated powers
Powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution
ex post facto law
is one which makes a particular act illegal, and punishes people who committed that crime before the law was passed, i.e., when the act was legal.
Extradition Clause
An accused person who flees to another state must be returned to the state in which he/she allegedly committed the crime.
Federal System
A system in which sovereignty is shared so that on some matters the national government is supreme and on others the state, regional, or provincial governments are supreme.
Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
32nd president of the United States (1933–45). The only president elected to the office four times, Roosevelt led the United States through two of the greatest crises of the 20th century: the Great Depression and World War II. In so doing, he greatly expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of programs and reforms known as the New Deal, and he served as the principal architect of the successful effort to rid the world of German National Socialism and Japanese militarism.
Full Faith & Credit Clause
Clause in the Constitution (Article IV, Section I) requiring each state or recognize the civil judgements rendered by the courts of the other states and to accept their public records and acts as valid.
Gibbons v Ogden
U.S. Supreme Court case establishing the principle that states cannot, by legislative enactment, interfere with the power of Congress to regulate commerce.
Great Society
a domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs.
Herbert Hoover
reputation as a humanitarian—earned during and after World War I as he rescued millions of Europeans from starvation—faded from public consciousness when his administration proved unable to alleviate widespread joblessness, homelessness, and hunger in his own country during the early years of the Great Depression.
Implied powers
Powers not mentioned specifically in the Constitution as belonging to Congress but inferred as “necessary and proper” for carrying out enumerated powers.
interstate compacts
An agreement among two or more states. The Constitution requires that most such agreements be approved by Congress.
Iroquois Confederacy
Five Nations, was an alliance of five, later six, American Indian tribes—the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora—located in modern-day New York state.
John C. Calhoun
American political leader who was a congressman, the secretary of war, the seventh vice president (1825–32), a senator, and the secretary of state of the United States. He championed states’ rights and slavery and was a symbol of the Old South
John Marshall
fourth chief justice of the United States and principal founder of the U.S. system of constitutional law. As perhaps the Supreme Court’s most influential chief justice, Marshall was responsible for constructing and defending both the foundation of judicial power and the principles of American federalism. The first of his great cases in more than 30 years of service was Marbury v. Madison (1803), which established the Supreme Court’s right to expound constitutional law and exercise judicial review by declaring laws unconstitutional. His defense of federalism was articulated in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), which upheld the authority of Congress to create the Bank of the United States and declared unconstitutional the right of a state to tax an instrument of the federal government. In his ruling on McCulloch, Marshall at once explained the authority of the court to interpret the constitution, the nature of federal-state relations inherent in a federal system of government, and the democratic nature of both the U.S. government and its governing. During his tenure as chief justice, Marshall participated in more than 1,000 decisions, writing more than 500 of them himself.
Lyndon B. Johnson
36th president of the United States (1963–69). A moderate Democrat and vigorous leader in the United States Senate, Johnson was elected vice president in 1960 and acceded to the presidency in 1963 upon the assassination of Pres. John F. Kennedy. During his administration he signed into law the Civil Rights Act (1964), the most comprehensive civil rights legislation since the Reconstruction era, initiated major social service programs, and bore the brunt of national opposition to his vast expansion of American involvement in the Vietnam War
McCulloch v Maryland
(1819) the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution to create the Second Bank of the United States and that the state of Maryland lacked the power to tax the Bank.
Monarchy
political system based upon the undivided sovereignty or rule of a single person. The term applies to states in which supreme authority is vested in the monarch, an individual ruler who functions as the head of state and who achieves his or her position through heredity. Most monarchies allow only male succession, usually from father to son.
Municipalities
a government with general responsibilities, such as a city, town, or village government, that is created in response to the emergence of relatively densely populated areas
New Deal
l was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms and regulations enacted by liberal Democrats led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1936. They responded to needs for relief, reform and recovery from the Great Depression.
New Federalism
cooperative federalism, it developed during the New Deal and is characterized by the federal government’s becoming more intrusive in what was traditionally states’ powers. … those regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to the states without federal funds to support them.
Programmatic Requests
Federal Funds designated for special projects within a state or congressional district
Progressive Federalism
A pragmatic approach to federalism that views relations between national and state governments as both coercive and cooperative
Reconstruction
the transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877, with the reconstruction of state and society in the former Confederacy. In battles between the president and Congress, the president prevailed until the election of 1866, which enabled the Radical Republicans to take control of policy, remove from power the ex-Confederates, and enfranchise the Freedmen (freed slaves).
Reserved Powers
powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment of the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states
Rodger B. Taney
fifth chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, remembered principally for the Dred Scott decision (1857). He was the first Roman Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court.
Ronald Regan
40th president of the United States (1981–89), noted for his conservative Republicanism, his fervent anticommunism, and his appealing personal style, characterized by a jaunty affability and folksy charm. The only movie actor ever to become president, he had a remarkable skill as an orator that earned him the title “the Great Communicator.” His policies have been credited with contributing to the demise of Soviet communism. (For a discussion of the history and nature of the presidency,
secession
A formal withdrawal from membership within an alliance. More Narrowly, a state’s withdrawal from the Union. The southern states claimed a right to withdrawal from the Union. Abraham Lincoln used his emergency power to prevent them from doing so.
17th Amendment
By 1913, this Amendment shifted the election of US senators from state legislatures to the voters at large. Senators are elected directly by the people
16th Amendment
Income Tax(1913)
special district
A local or regional government with responsibility for some single function such as administering schools, handling sewage, or managing airports
10th Amendment
Reaffirmed that framers’ plan to create a limited federal government. It states that all powers not given to the national government or denied to the states are reserved for states or for the people.
Totalitarianism
a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.
Unitary system
allow ultimate governmental authority to rest in the hands of the national or central government. … In a federal system, authority is divided between a central government and regional, or sub-divisional governments. Within each government’s sphere of authority, each is supreme, in theory.
Unitary system
allow ultimate, governmental authority to rest in the hands of the national or central government. … In a federal system, authority is divided between a central government and regional, or sub-divisional governments. Within each government’s sphere of authority, each is supreme, in theory.
Nullifcation
the doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the states opinion, violates the constitution
Oligarchy
a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.
