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GPT Flashcards

1
Q

Viral Conjunctivitis

A

Definition:
Inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by viral infection.

Etiology:
Commonly caused by adenoviruses.

Epidemiology:
Highly contagious, often spreads in crowded settings.

Pathophysiology:
Viral replication leads to inflammatory response.

Signs and Symptoms:
Redness, watery discharge, photophobia, tearing.

History:
Recent viral illness, exposure to infected individuals.

Evaluation:
Clinical examination, history of exposure.

Treatment and Medication:
Supportive care; antihistamines for itching.

Differential Diagnosis:
Bacterial conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis.

Patient Education:
Hand hygiene, avoid sharing personal items.

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2
Q

Bacterial Conjunctivitis

A

Definition: Inflammation of the conjunctiva due to bacterial infection.
Etiology: Commonly caused by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, or Haemophilus.
Epidemiology: More common in children; often presents in outbreaks.
Pathophysiology: Bacteria invade conjunctival tissues, leading to inflammation.
Signs and Symptoms: Redness, purulent discharge, crusting.
History: Recent upper respiratory infection, contact with infected individuals.
Evaluation: Clinical examination; culture if severe or atypical.
Treatment and Medication: Antibiotic eye drops or ointments.
Differential Diagnosis: Viral conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis.
Patient Education: Importance of completing antibiotic course, hygiene practices.

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3
Q

Allergic Conjunctivitis

A

Definition: Inflammation of the conjunctiva due to allergic reaction.
Etiology: Allergens such as pollen, pet dander, or dust mites.
Epidemiology: Common in individuals with other allergic conditions.
Pathophysiology: Immune response leads to release of histamine and inflammation.
Signs and Symptoms: Itchy, red eyes, watery discharge, swelling.
History: Seasonal patterns, history of allergies.
Evaluation: Clinical examination; allergy testing if necessary.
Treatment and Medication: Antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids.
Differential Diagnosis: Viral conjunctivitis, bacterial conjunctivitis.
Patient Education: Avoiding known allergens, using cold compresses.

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4
Q

Cataract

A

Definition: Clouding of the eye’s lens leading to decreased vision.
Etiology: Aging, UV exposure, diabetes, smoking, certain medications.
Epidemiology: Common in older adults; significant cause of blindness worldwide.
Pathophysiology: Protein aggregation in the lens leads to opacity.
Signs and Symptoms: Blurry vision, glare, difficulty seeing at night.
History: Family history, previous eye trauma or surgery.
Evaluation: Visual acuity testing, slit-lamp examination.
Treatment and Medication: Surgical removal of the cataract; lens replacement.
Differential Diagnosis: Glaucoma, retinal diseases.
Patient Education: Monitoring vision changes, discussing surgery risks and benefits.

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5
Q

Corneal Ulcer

A

Definition: Open sore on the cornea, often due to infection.
Etiology: Bacterial, viral, fungal infections; contact lens misuse.
Epidemiology: More common in contact lens wearers and immunocompromised individuals.
Pathophysiology: Infection or trauma leads to tissue necrosis.
Signs and Symptoms: Eye pain, redness, discharge, photophobia, decreased vision.
History: Contact lens usage, previous eye trauma.
Evaluation: Slit-lamp examination; corneal scraping for culture.
Treatment and Medication: Antibiotic or antifungal drops; topical anesthetics for pain.
Differential Diagnosis: Keratitis, conjunctivitis.
Patient Education: Proper contact lens hygiene, importance of follow-up.

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6
Q

Keratitis

A

Definition: Inflammation of the cornea.
Etiology: Infections (bacterial, viral, fungal), UV exposure, dry eyes.
Epidemiology: Can occur in anyone; higher risk in contact lens users.
Pathophysiology: Inflammatory response leads to corneal edema and opacification.
Signs and Symptoms: Eye pain, redness, tearing, blurred vision.
History: Contact lens use, prior eye surgery.
Evaluation: Slit-lamp examination; cultures if infectious.
Treatment and Medication: Antibiotic or antiviral drops; lubricating drops.
Differential Diagnosis: Corneal ulcer, conjunctivitis.
Patient Education: Avoiding contact lens wear during symptoms, hygiene practices.

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7
Q

Pterygium

A

Definition: Growth of conjunctival tissue onto the cornea.
Etiology: UV exposure, dry climates, irritation.
Epidemiology: More common in individuals living in sunny regions.
Pathophysiology: Degenerative changes lead to abnormal growth.
Signs and Symptoms: Visible growth on the eye, irritation, redness.
History: History of prolonged sun exposure.
Evaluation: Clinical examination.
Treatment and Medication: Observation for mild cases; surgical removal for severe cases.
Differential Diagnosis: Pinguecula, conjunctival cysts.
Patient Education: UV protection, regular monitoring.

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8
Q

Iritis

A

Definition: Inflammation of the iris.
Etiology: Autoimmune diseases, infections, trauma, systemic diseases.
Epidemiology: Affects all age groups; associated with certain systemic conditions.
Pathophysiology: Immune response leads to inflammation and pain.
Signs and Symptoms: Eye pain, redness, photophobia, decreased vision.
History: History of autoimmune disease or trauma.
Evaluation: Slit-lamp examination; measurement of intraocular pressure.
Treatment and Medication: Corticosteroid eye drops, pupil-dilating drops.
Differential Diagnosis: Uveitis, glaucoma.
Patient Education: Importance of follow-up, potential systemic associations.

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9
Q

Dacryoadenitis

A

Definition: Inflammation of the lacrimal gland.
Etiology: Viral infections (e.g., mumps), bacterial infections, autoimmune conditions.
Epidemiology: Can affect individuals of any age; common in children.
Pathophysiology: Infection or inflammation leads to gland swelling.
Signs and Symptoms: Pain, swelling in the outer upper eyelid, tearing.
History: Recent infections, systemic disease history.
Evaluation: Clinical examination; imaging if chronic or atypical.
Treatment and Medication: Antibiotics for bacterial infections, NSAIDs for pain.
Differential Diagnosis: Tumors, orbital cellulitis.
Patient Education: Monitoring symptoms, recognizing complications.

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9
Q

Scleritis

A

Definition: Inflammation of the sclera.
Etiology: Autoimmune conditions, infections, systemic diseases.
Epidemiology: More common in individuals with autoimmune diseases.
Pathophysiology: Inflammatory infiltrate leads to scleral edema.
Signs and Symptoms: Severe eye pain, redness, visual disturbance.
History: History of autoimmune diseases.
Evaluation: Clinical examination; imaging if necessary.
Treatment and Medication: NSAIDs, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive therapy.
Differential Diagnosis: Episcleritis, uveitis.
Patient Education: Recognizing symptoms, importance of managing underlying conditions.

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9
Q

Uveitis

A

Definition: Inflammation of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, choroid).
Etiology: Autoimmune diseases, infections, trauma, systemic diseases.
Epidemiology: Can occur at any age; often associated with systemic diseases.
Pathophysiology: Immune-mediated inflammation.
Signs and Symptoms: Eye pain, redness, blurred vision, photophobia.
History: Previous episodes, systemic disease history.
Evaluation: Slit-lamp examination, assessment of systemic conditions.
Treatment and Medication: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive therapy if necessary.
Differential Diagnosis: Iritis, infectious uveitis.
Patient Education: Regular follow-up, recognition of symptoms.

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10
Q

Nystagmus

A

Definition: Involuntary, rhythmic eye movements.
Etiology: Can be congenital or acquired due to neurological conditions, drug toxicity, or systemic diseases.
Epidemiology: Can be present from birth or develop later in life.
Pathophysiology: Disruption in the neural pathways controlling eye movements.
Signs and Symptoms: Oscillatory eye movements, blurred vision.
History: Developmental history, exposure to potential neurotoxins or diseases.
Evaluation: Clinical examination, neurological assessment.
Treatment and Medication: Address underlying cause; symptomatic management with medications or therapy.
Differential Diagnosis: Vestibular disorders, ocular motility disorders.
Patient Education: Managing underlying conditions, coping strategies for visual disturbances.

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10
Q

Dacryocystitis

A

Definition: Infection of the lacrimal sac.
Etiology: Bacterial infection, often due to obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct.
Epidemiology: Common in infants and elderly adults.
Pathophysiology: Obstruction leads to stasis and infection.
Signs and Symptoms: Pain, swelling, redness over the lacrimal sac, discharge.
History: Previous episodes, nasal obstruction history.
Evaluation: Clinical examination, culture of discharge if necessary.
Treatment and Medication: Antibiotics, warm compresses; surgical intervention if chronic.
Differential Diagnosis: Orbital cellulitis, tumors.
Patient Education: Importance of completing antibiotic course, recognizing signs of complications.

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11
Q

Dacryostenosis

A

Definition: Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct.
Etiology: Congenital obstruction, aging.
Epidemiology: Common in newborns; may persist into adulthood.
Pathophysiology: Blockage leads to tear accumulation and possible infection.
Signs and Symptoms: Excessive tearing, discharge.
History: Symptoms starting in infancy, recurrent infections.
Evaluation: Clinical examination; probing of the nasolacrimal duct.
Treatment and Medication: Massage techniques, surgical probing or stenting.
Differential Diagnosis: Dacryocystitis, conjunctivitis.
Patient Education: Techniques for massage, recognizing need for surgical intervention.

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12
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (Dry Eye Syndrome)

A

Definition: Chronic dryness of the eye due to decreased tear production or increased tear evaporation.
Etiology: Aging, autoimmune diseases (e.g., Sjögren’s syndrome), medication side effects.
Epidemiology: Common in older adults; women more affected.
Pathophysiology: Insufficient lubrication leads to inflammation and damage of ocular surfaces.
Signs and Symptoms: Dryness, burning, foreign body sensation, redness.
History: History of autoimmune disorders, use of certain medications.
Evaluation: Schirmer test, tear break-up time.
Treatment and Medication: Artificial tears, anti-inflammatory medications, punctal plugs.
Differential Diagnosis: Allergic conjunctivitis, blepharitis.
Patient Education: Use of artificial tears, avoiding irritants.

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13
Q

Blepharitis

A

Definition: Inflammation of the eyelid margins.
Etiology: Bacterial infection, meibomian gland dysfunction, seborrheic dermatitis.
Epidemiology: Common; often associated with other skin conditions.
Pathophysiology: Inflammation of the eyelid margins and meibomian glands.
Signs and Symptoms: Red, swollen eyelids, crusting, itching.
History: Chronic symptoms, history of skin conditions.
Evaluation: Clinical examination, eyelid margin inspection.
Treatment and Medication: Warm compresses, eyelid hygiene, antibiotics or anti-inflammatories if necessary.
Differential Diagnosis: Conjunctivitis, stye.
Patient Education: Proper eyelid hygiene, regular cleaning of eyelids.

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13
Q

Chalazion

A

Definition: Chronic inflammation of the meibomian gland, forming a cyst.
Etiology: Blockage of meibomian gland duct, often secondary to blepharitis.
Epidemiology: Can occur at any age; often follows blepharitis.
Pathophysiology: Blockage leads to retention of secretions and formation of a cyst.
Signs and Symptoms: Painless, swollen lump on the eyelid.
History: Previous history of blepharitis or similar symptoms.
Evaluation: Clinical examination.
Treatment and Medication: Warm compresses, eyelid hygiene; surgical drainage if persistent.
Differential Diagnosis: Stye, sebaceous cyst.
Patient Education: Importance of eyelid hygiene, when to seek further treatment.

14
Q

Hordeolum (Stye)

A

Definition: Acute infection of the eyelid’s sebaceous glands.
Etiology: Typically caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Epidemiology: Common; can occur in individuals with poor eyelid hygiene.
Pathophysiology: Infection leads to acute inflammation and abscess formation.
Signs and Symptoms: Painful, red, swollen bump on the eyelid.
History: Recent eyelid irritation or poor hygiene.
Evaluation: Clinical examination.
Treatment and Medication: Warm compresses, topical antibiotics if necessary; surgical drainage for persistent cases.
Differential Diagnosis: Chalazion, blepharitis.
Patient Education: Hygiene practices, avoiding squeezing the stye.

15
Q

Ectropion

A

Definition: Outward turning of the eyelid margin.
Etiology: Aging, trauma, or scarring.
Epidemiology: More common in older adults.
Pathophysiology: Loss of eyelid support leads to eyelid turning outward.
Signs and Symptoms: Eyelid sagging, dryness, irritation.
History: Recent trauma, history of facial surgeries.
Evaluation: Clinical examination.
Treatment and Medication: Surgical correction if symptomatic; lubricating drops.
Differential Diagnosis: Entropion, blepharitis.
Patient Education: Eye care practices, when to seek surgical intervention.

16
Q

Entropion

A

Definition: Inward turning of the eyelid margin.
Etiology: Aging, scarring, congenital factors.
Epidemiology: More common in older adults.
Pathophysiology: Eyelid turns inward, causing lashes to rub against the cornea.
Signs and Symptoms: Eye irritation, redness, tearing, pain.
History: Previous eyelid trauma or surgery.
Evaluation: Clinical examination.
Treatment and Medication: Surgical correction; lubricating drops for symptom relief.
Differential Diagnosis: Ectropion, conjunctivitis.
Patient Education: Eye care practices, recognizing symptoms that require surgical intervention.

17
Q

Optic Neuritis

A

Definition: Inflammation of the optic nerve.
Etiology: Often associated with multiple sclerosis, infections, or autoimmune diseases.
Epidemiology: Common in young adults; more frequent in women.
Pathophysiology: Inflammatory demyelination of the optic nerve leads to vision loss.
Signs and Symptoms: Sudden vision loss, pain on eye movement, color vision deficits.
History: Previous episodes of neurological symptoms, systemic illness.
Evaluation: Visual acuity testing, MRI of the brain and optic nerves.
Treatment and Medication: High-dose corticosteroids for inflammation; management of underlying conditions.
Differential Diagnosis: Retinal disorders, ischemic optic neuropathy.
Patient Education: Monitoring for systemic symptoms, managing chronic conditions.

18
Q

Papilledema

A

Definition: Swelling of the optic nerve head due to increased intracranial pressure.
Etiology: Brain tumors, intracranial hemorrhage, hydrocephalus.
Epidemiology: Can occur in various age groups; often associated with severe or chronic conditions.
Pathophysiology: Increased pressure in the cranial cavity impedes venous return from the optic nerve head.
Signs and Symptoms: Headaches, visual changes, nausea.
History: Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, recent neurological events.
Evaluation: Fundoscopic examination, imaging studies (CT, MRI).
Treatment and Medication: Treat underlying cause; manage intracranial pressure.
Differential Diagnosis: Optic neuritis, retinal vein occlusion.
Patient Education: Recognizing symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, importance of managing underlying conditions.

19
Q

Orbital Cellulitis

A

Definition: Infection of the soft tissues of the orbit behind the eye.
Etiology: Often secondary to sinus infections, trauma, or spread from other infections.
Epidemiology: More common in children and immunocompromised individuals.
Pathophysiology: Infection leads to swelling and potential compromise of orbital structures.
Signs and Symptoms: Eye swelling, pain, fever, limited eye movement.
History: Recent sinus infection, trauma.
Evaluation: Clinical examination, imaging (CT/MRI), blood cultures.
Treatment and Medication: IV antibiotics, possibly surgical drainage.
Differential Diagnosis: Preseptal cellulitis, abscess.
Patient Education: Importance of treating sinus infections promptly, recognizing symptoms of orbital cellulitis.

20
Q

Periorbital Cellulitis

A

Definition: Infection of the eyelid and surrounding skin.
Etiology: Often due to bacterial infections, such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus.
Epidemiology: Common in children; can be associated with sinusitis.
Pathophysiology: Infection spreads from skin or adjacent structures leading to inflammation.
Signs and Symptoms: Eyelid swelling, redness, tenderness, no eye movement restriction.
History: Recent trauma or infection, underlying skin conditions.
Evaluation: Clinical examination, possibly imaging if suspected orbital involvement.
Treatment and Medication: Oral antibiotics; severe cases may require IV antibiotics.
Differential Diagnosis: Orbital cellulitis, insect bites.
Patient Education: Importance of completing antibiotics, monitoring for progression.

21
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

Definition: Degeneration of the macula, leading to central vision loss.
Etiology: Age-related (AMD) or genetic factors; risk factors include smoking, UV exposure.
Epidemiology: More common in older adults; leading cause of vision loss in the elderly.
Pathophysiology: Drusen accumulation and/or choroidal neovascularization lead to macular damage.
Signs and Symptoms: Blurred or distorted central vision, difficulty reading.
History: Age, family history, risk factors such as smoking.
Evaluation: Amsler grid test, fundoscopic examination, OCT imaging.
Treatment and Medication: Anti-VEGF injections, laser therapy for wet AMD; vitamin supplements for dry AMD.
Differential Diagnosis: Diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion.
Patient Education: Importance of regular eye exams, lifestyle modifications to reduce risk.

21
Q

Other Retinopathies

A

Definition: Various retinal diseases not classified as diabetic retinopathy.
Etiology: Includes hypertensive retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, sickle cell retinopathy.
Epidemiology: Varies depending on specific retinopathy.
Pathophysiology: Different mechanisms based on underlying cause (e.g., hypertension, blood disorders).
Signs and Symptoms: Variable; may include vision changes, retinal hemorrhages.
History: Relevant to specific retinopathy (e.g., hypertension, blood disorders).
Evaluation: Fundoscopic examination, imaging based on suspected retinopathy.
Treatment and Medication: Based on underlying cause (e.g., controlling hypertension, treating blood disorders).
Differential Diagnosis: Diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment.
Patient Education: Managing underlying conditions, regular eye exams.

22
Q

Retinal Detachment

A

Definition: Separation of the retina from the underlying choroid.
Etiology: Retinal tears, trauma, severe myopia, diabetic retinopathy.
Epidemiology: Can occur at any age; higher risk in individuals with predisposing conditions.
Pathophysiology: Fluid accumulation between the retina and choroid leads to detachment.
Signs and Symptoms: Sudden vision loss, floaters, flashes of light.
History: Recent eye trauma, history of retinal problems.
Evaluation: Fundoscopic examination, OCT, ultrasound if needed.
Treatment and Medication: Surgical repair (e.g., scleral buckle, vitrectomy).
Differential Diagnosis: Vitreous hemorrhage, uveitis.
Patient Education: Recognizing symptoms of retinal detachment, importance of prompt treatment.

22
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy

A

Definition: Retinal damage due to diabetes mellitus.
Etiology: Chronic hyperglycemia leading to microvascular changes.
Epidemiology: Common in individuals with long-standing diabetes; leading cause of blindness in adults.
Pathophysiology: Hyperglycemia causes retinal vascular changes, leading to hemorrhages and exudates.
Signs and Symptoms: Blurred vision, floaters, or vision loss.
History: Duration and control of diabetes, previous eye exams.
Evaluation: Fundoscopic examination, fluorescein angiography, OCT.
Treatment and Medication: Glycemic control, laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF injections.
Differential Diagnosis: Hypertensive retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion.
Patient Education: Importance of diabetes management, regular eye screenings.

23
Q

Blowout Fracture

A

Definition: Fracture of the orbital floor or medial wall due to blunt trauma.
Etiology: Trauma to the eye area, such as from a fistfight or fall.
Epidemiology: More common in younger adults; associated with sports or accidents.
Pathophysiology: Trauma causes fracture and potential herniation of orbital contents.
Signs and Symptoms: Periorbital swelling, pain, restricted eye movement, diplopia.
History: Recent trauma, history of orbital injury.
Evaluation: Clinical examination, CT scan of the orbit.
Treatment and Medication: Surgical repair if necessary; manage pain and swelling.
Differential Diagnosis: Orbital cellulitis, sinusitis.
Patient Education: Importance of prompt evaluation after trauma, recognizing signs of complications.

24
Q

Corneal Abrasion

A

Definition: Scrape or scratch on the corneal surface.
Etiology: Trauma, foreign bodies, contact lens use.
Epidemiology: Common; can occur in any age group.
Pathophysiology: Injury to the corneal epithelium leads to pain and risk of infection.
Signs and Symptoms: Eye pain, redness, tearing, foreign body sensation.
History: Recent trauma or contact lens use.
Evaluation: Fluorescein staining, slit-lamp examination.
Treatment and Medication: Lubricating drops, antibiotic ointments; avoid contact lens use until healed.
Differential Diagnosis: Corneal ulcer, conjunctivitis.
Patient Education: Proper eye protection, avoiding rubbing the eye.

25
Q

Globe Rupture

A

Definition: Full-thickness tear or rupture of the eye.
Etiology: Severe trauma, such as from a projectile or blunt force.
Epidemiology: Trauma-related; can occur in any age group.
Pathophysiology: Trauma leads to rupture and exposure of intraocular structures.
Signs and Symptoms: Severe pain, vision loss, bleeding, abnormal eye shape.
History: Recent severe eye trauma.
Evaluation: Clinical examination, imaging if necessary.
Treatment and Medication: Emergency surgical repair; protect the eye, pain management.
Differential Diagnosis: Severe orbital trauma, retinal detachment.
Patient Education: Immediate medical attention for eye trauma, protection of the affected eye.

25
Q

Hyphema

A

Definition: Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye.
Etiology: Trauma, ocular surgery, or systemic bleeding disorders.
Epidemiology: More common in individuals with a history of trauma or bleeding disorders.
Pathophysiology: Trauma or other causes lead to bleeding into the anterior chamber.
Signs and Symptoms: Visible blood in the eye, vision changes, pain.
History: Recent trauma, bleeding disorders.
Evaluation: Clinical examination, assessment of intraocular pressure.
Treatment and Medication: Bed rest, head elevation, eye shield; treatment of underlying causes.
Differential Diagnosis: Orbital hemorrhage, retinal detachment.
Patient Education: Avoiding activities that could worsen bleeding, importance of follow-up.

25
Q

Amaurosis Fugax

A

Definition: Temporary vision loss in one eye, often described as a “curtain” coming down.
Etiology: Often related to retinal artery or vein occlusion, transient ischemic attack.
Epidemiology: Common in individuals with vascular disease or risk factors.
Pathophysiology: Temporary interruption of blood flow to the retina or optic nerve.
Signs and Symptoms: Sudden, brief vision loss in one eye, often resolving within minutes.
History: History of cardiovascular disease or transient ischemic attacks.
Evaluation: Ophthalmic examination, carotid ultrasound, or other vascular studies.
Treatment and Medication: Management of underlying vascular risk factors, possibly antiplatelet therapy.
Differential Diagnosis: Retinal artery occlusion, vitreous hemorrhage.
Patient Education: Importance of vascular risk management, recognizing symptoms that warrant urgent evaluation.

26
Q

Retinal Vascular Occlusion

A

Definition: Blockage of a retinal blood vessel.
Etiology: Often related to systemic conditions like hypertension, diabetes, or hypercoagulable states.
Epidemiology: Common in individuals with systemic vascular diseases.
Pathophysiology: Occlusion leads to ischemia and potential retinal damage.
Signs and Symptoms: Sudden vision loss, floaters, or blurred vision.
History: History of systemic vascular conditions or recent symptoms.
Evaluation: Fundoscopic examination, fluorescein angiography.
Treatment and Medication: Management of underlying conditions, laser treatment, or anti-VEGF therapy.
Differential Diagnosis: Diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment.
Patient Education: Managing systemic conditions, recognizing symptoms of vascular occlusion.

27
Q

Amblyopia

A

Definition: Reduced vision in one eye not correctable by glasses or contact lenses, often due to abnormal visual development.
Etiology: Strabismus, anisometropia, or deprivation (e.g., cataract).
Epidemiology: Most commonly diagnosed in children; early treatment is crucial.
Pathophysiology: Visual pathways do not develop properly due to lack of clear vision in one eye.
Signs and Symptoms: Poor vision in one eye; may be asymptomatic if only one eye is affected.
History: Early childhood visual development issues, strabismus.
Evaluation: Visual acuity testing, eye alignment assessment.
Treatment and Medication: Corrective lenses, patching of the stronger eye, vision therapy.
Differential Diagnosis: Refractive errors, congenital eye conditions.
Patient Education: Importance of early treatment, adherence to prescribed therapies.

28
Q

Strabismus

A

Definition: Misalignment of the eyes, where the eyes do not look in the same direction.
Etiology: Can be congenital or acquired due to muscle imbalance or neurological disorders.
Epidemiology: Common in children; can also develop in adults.
Pathophysiology: Imbalance in ocular muscles or neurological control leads to misalignment.
Signs and Symptoms: Misalignment of eyes, double vision, depth perception issues.
History: Early developmental milestones, family history.
Evaluation: Eye alignment tests, cover tests, possibly imaging if neurological causes are suspected.
Treatment and Medication: Corrective glasses, vision therapy, or surgical correction.
Differential Diagnosis: Amblyopia, neurological conditions affecting eye movements.
Patient Education: Importance of early treatment, exercises, or surgery as recommended.

29
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Definition: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, commonly known as “pink eye.”
Etiology: Bacterial, viral, allergic, or irritant causes.
Epidemiology: Common in all age groups; highly contagious in bacterial and viral forms.
Pathophysiology: Inflammation due to infection, allergy, or irritation leads to redness and discharge.
Signs and Symptoms: Redness, itching, discharge, tearing.
History: Recent exposure to infectious agents, allergy history.
Evaluation: Clinical examination, possibly culture if bacterial infection is suspected.
Treatment and Medication: Depends on etiology—antibiotic drops for bacterial, antihistamines for allergic, supportive care for viral.
Differential Diagnosis: Keratitis, uveitis.
Patient Education: Hygiene practices, recognizing when to seek medical attention.

30
Q

Uveitis

A

Definition: Inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye.
Etiology: Autoimmune diseases, infections, trauma, or unknown causes.
Epidemiology: Can occur at any age; often associated with systemic conditions.
Pathophysiology: Inflammation leads to damage of the uvea and surrounding structures.
Signs and Symptoms: Eye pain, redness, vision changes, light sensitivity.
History: Systemic symptoms or conditions, recent trauma.
Evaluation: Clinical examination, possibly imaging or blood tests.
Treatment and Medication: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, treatment of underlying causes.
Differential Diagnosis: Conjunctivitis, keratitis.
Patient Education: Importance of managing systemic conditions, adherence to prescribed treatments.

31
Q

Endophthalmitis

A

Definition:
Severe inflammation of the interior of the eye, usually due to infection.

Etiology:
Post-surgical infection, trauma, or endogenous spread from systemic infection.

Epidemiology:
Rare but serious; can follow eye surgery or trauma.

Pathophysiology:
Infection leads to severe inflammation and potential vision loss.

Signs and Symptoms:
Pain, redness, vision loss, hypopyon (pus in the anterior chamber).

History:
Recent eye surgery or trauma, systemic infections.

Evaluation:
Clinical examination, possibly vitreous tap for culture.

Treatment and Medication:
Intravitreal antibiotics or antifungals, systemic antibiotics, possible surgical intervention.

Differential Diagnosis:
Uveitis, retinal detachment.

Patient Education:
Importance of post-surgical care, recognizing signs of infection.

32
Q

Ocular Hypertension

A

Definition:
Elevated intraocular pressure without detectable damage to the optic nerve.

Etiology:
May be primary or secondary to other conditions.

Epidemiology:
Risk factor for glaucoma; more common in older adults.

Pathophysiology:
Increased intraocular pressure due to impaired aqueous humor outflow.

Signs and Symptoms:
Often asymptomatic; detected during routine eye exams.

History:
Family history of glaucoma, systemic conditions affecting eye pressure.

Evaluation:
Tonometry to measure intraocular pressure, assessment of optic nerve.

Treatment and Medication:
Monitoring, medications to lower intraocular pressure if needed.

Differential Diagnosis:
Primary open-angle glaucoma, secondary glaucomas.

Patient Education:
Importance of regular eye exams, understanding risk factors for glaucoma.

33
Q

Glaucoma

A

Definition:
A group of eye conditions causing damage to the optic nerve, often associated with increased intraocular pressure.

Etiology:
Can be primary (e.g., open-angle, angle-closure) or secondary (e.g., from other conditions).

Epidemiology:
Leading cause of irreversible blindness; risk increases with age.

Pathophysiology:
Damage to the optic nerve due to elevated intraocular pressure or other factors.

Signs and Symptoms:
Peripheral vision loss, headache, eye pain (angle-closure type).

History:
Family history of glaucoma, previous eye injuries.

Evaluation:
Tonometry, visual field testing, fundoscopic examination.

Treatment and Medication:
Medications to lower intraocular pressure, laser treatments, surgical options.

Differential Diagnosis:
Ocular hypertension, retinal diseases.

Patient Education:
Importance of adherence to treatment, regular eye exams to monitor disease progression.

PBL/PMA (9 decks)

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