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GP Dr as teacher cardio questions Flashcards

1
Q

How long does a single heartbeat last?

A

0.8 seconds

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2
Q

How long does diastolic last for in a heartbeat?

How long does systolic last for in a heartbeat?

A
  • 0.5s

- 0.3s

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3
Q

What are the 4 stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

1) Passive filling
2) Atrial contraction
3) Ventricular ejection
4) Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

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4
Q

What is the pressure in atria + ventricles during passive filling?

A

Close to 0

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5
Q

What is the pressure in the aorta during passive filling?

A

80mmHg

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6
Q

What % of ventricular filling is due to passive filling?

A

80%

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7
Q

What on an ECG marks atrial contraction?

A

Between the P and QRS complex

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8
Q

What % of ventricular filling occurs due to atrial contraction?

A

20%

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9
Q

What is the normal end diastolic volume (after passive filling + atrial contraction)

A

130ml

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10
Q

What happens when ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure?

A

AV valves (tricuspid + mitral) shit

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11
Q

What is the 1st heart sound due to?

A

Closure of the AV valves

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12
Q

At the time of the 1st heart sound, is the aortic valve open/closed?

A

It is STILL closed at time of 1st heart sound

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13
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction (i.e. of the ventricles)?

A
  • when all 4 heart valves are shut and tension (pressure) within the ventricles rise
    (increase in tension around a CLOSED VOLUME)
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14
Q

What stage on an ECG marks ventricular contraction?

A

After the QRS complex (between S and T)

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15
Q

What happens when ventricular pressure exceeds aortic/pulmonary pressure?

A
  • aortic/Po valves open
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16
Q

When the aortic/Po valves open is this a loud/silent event?

A

silent

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17
Q

What is end stroke volume (ESV)?

A
  • the volume of blood left behind in each ventricle once stroke volume has been ejected (upon opening of aortic + Po valves)
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18
Q

What is the normal ESV?

A

~65ml

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19
Q

How do you calculate SV (vol ejected by ventricle per heartbeat)?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

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20
Q

What is a normal SV?

A

~ 70ml (130-65)

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21
Q

What happens to the aortic pressure upon opening of aortic/Po valves

A

Aortic pressure rises

22
Q

What on the ECG represents ventricular repolarisation?

23
Q

What happens to the ventricles upon repolarisation?

A

Pressure falls

Ventricles relax

24
Q

What happens when ventricular pressure is less than aortic pressure?

A

Aortic/Po valves shut

25
What produces a 2nd heart sound?
Closure of aortic/Po valves
26
What is a DICROTIC NOTCH?
The vibration of the aortic valves upon closure creates a little rise in the aortic pressure curve
27
What is isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?
Once the aortic/Po valves close, the pressure within the ventricles falls in a CLOSED BOX (all 4 valves are closed) (tension falls around a closed volume)
28
What happens when ventricular pressure < atrial pressure?
AV valves open | -silent event
29
What happens when AV valves open?
Beginning of passive filling NEW CARDIAC CYCLE
30
What is central venous pressure?
Measure of pressure of central veins close to heart?
31
What does JVP measure?
Indication of right atrial pressure | RA pressure gives us an idea of what the central venous pressure is
32
What are the names of the 3 letters when measuring JVP?
a, c, v
33
On a JVP meausrement, what do the following letters represent? - a - c - v
a) rise in JVP as atria contract c) rise in JVP as tricuspid valve bulges into atrium during ventricular contraction v) increase in JVP during atrial filling - release as AV valves open
34
What % of total body weight is water? (i.e. in a 70kg person)?
60% (42L)
35
What fraction of body water is a) extracellular? b) intracellular?
a) 1/3 (14L) | b) 2/3 (28L)
36
Of extracellular water, what % of it is: a) Plasma? b) interstitial?
a) 25% (3L) | b) 75% (11L)
37
What is interstitial fluid?
Water that bathes body cells | - acts as a go between blood + body cells
38
Why is blood flow slow through the capillary bed?
- to increase time for gas/nutrient exchange
39
What regulates flow of blood through the capillary bed in MOST tissues?
TERMINAL ARTERIOLES
40
What regulates flow of blood through capillary beds in SOME tissues (e.g. mesentery)
Pre-capillary sphincter
41
In a capillary, what do water filled pores in the membrane permit?
- movement of WATER SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES | - e.g ions/glucose/Amino acids
42
In a capillary, what is moved across the membrane by VESICULAR TRANSPORT?
- EXCHANGEABLE PROTEINS | - e.g hormones
43
How do lipid soluble substances (e.g. GASES) diffuse through capillary membranes?
- by diffusion across endothelial membrane
44
Can plasma proteins pass in/out of capillaries through the endothelial wall? Give an example of a plasma protein
- NO: STAY INTRAVASCULAR | Albumin; plasma proteins are produced by the liver
45
What is BULK MOVEMENT/
- in capillaries, fluid movement follows a pressure gradient
46
What law (from rest physiology) does the movement of gases/solutes in and out of capillaries follow?
- FICK'S LAW OF DIFFUSION | - Diffusion across a sheet is proportional to surface area but inversely proportional to thickness
47
What is transcapillary fluid flow?
Flow of fluid is passively driven by PRESSURE GRADIENTS ACROSS CAPILLARY WALL
48
What is ultra-filtration?
- exchange across capillary wall is essentially PROTEIN FREE PLASMA
49
How do you calculate net filtration pressure?
forces favouring filtration - forces opposing filtration
50
What is a filtration coefficient and what does it do?
- relates to permeability of wall to fluid | - also affects NET FILTRATION PRESSURE
51
What 2 things calculate net filtration pressure?
1) forces favouring filtration - forces opposing filtration | 2) filtration coefficient (permeability of wall to fluid)

Cardiology (6 decks)

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