Gp Flashcards
How many malnourished people
785million
Why should we pay attention to hunger
Why deal with hunger
People who are chronically hungry don’t eat enough to get the energy they need to lead active lives. Their undernourishment make it hard to study and work. Under nourishment is particularly harmful for women and children. Undernourished children do not grow as quickly as healthy children. Mentally, they may develop more slowly. Mothers living with constant hunger often give birth to underweight and weak babies, and are themselves at risk of death.
Increased productivity and create econ opptunities. Studies have shown that countries lose millions of. Dollars in econ op as a result of child undernutrotion. Hence solving hunger Lay’s foundation in many other areas of development including health and education.
encouraging more births
Govt can implement measures to facilitate child bearing and child rearing.
Examples of measures to increase birth
France.
-a French Mother has at least 16 weeks of mandatory, paid maternity leave, guaranteed job security. And if she has a third child, household get a monthly stipend of 1000 euros a year.
Norway.
Women are entitled to 10mths at their full salary or a year at 80%.
Countries’ fertility rate approaching 2.1
Limitations of financial incentive and assistance provided to encourage childbirths.
Despite various incentives including education coupons, medical and daycare subsidies, and parental leave subsidies provided to mothers, declining birth rate has persisted in Taiwan. Wang Yun Tung, assistant professor at National Taiwan University, said that raising children is a longer term process, while the Govt incentive program are often short term or lump sum payments, not enough encouragement
Shared responsibility between both parents in looking after their child is a key consideration in deciding to have children
Raising retirement age trend
Acc to OECD, retirement age raise from 65-67 by 2050
elaborate on raising retirement age
Shift in nature of work in modern economy away from physical labour to more white collar roles mean an increasing number of workplaces are suited to mature workers.
Surveys also suggest that the desire to work past 60 is high for many ppl as health and energy levels persist later in life
Examples of raising retirement age
Australian Govt recently announced that it would seek to raise the country’s retirement age to 70 by 2035 as part of reforms aimed at stemming what it warns is a looming fiscal crisis.
China, at existing retirement age, it’s impossible for China’s pension fund to break even. report by academy of social science showed at in 2012, about 2/3 of provincial govt pension funds failed to make ends meet
Elaborate on replacement immigration.
Immigration policies can be designed to Ensure the influx of new citizens and temporary migrant workers with the right skill set, or with the right age. In this was, counties can stand to benefit from having ‘instant adults’ to boost declining population and workforce numbers
Limitations of replacement immigration
A large influx of temporary migrant workers can potentially depress wages if migrant wages are willing to accept lower salaries. This can be exacerbated by the absence of minimum wages. Eg. sg uk job sectors that don’t pay well.
Additionally, the availability of cheap migrant workers can also potentially disincentives employers from investing in ways to increase productivity. The easy access to cheap foreign workers has been cited as the main reason behind slow growth in productivity in Singapore Malaysia.
Negative social impact of replacement immigration
Creation of social tension or even result in physical conflict if integration of migrants into their new adoptive homeland or workplace is not managed. Migrants may be perceived by locals as a threat to cultural identity for job competitors.
Eg, in various European states, the presence of large groups of immigrants coupled by economic malaise brought about by The Great Recession has led to ride of nationalist political parties which advocate for tighter controls on immigration or even outright banning of immigrants
Elaborate on reform pension schemes
Current system:
Europe’s Ageing population is creating a pension crisis - maintaining the continent pay-as-you-go systems, whereby state benefits to retirees are paid out of contribution from current workers, will consume a growing and ultimately intolerable proportion of national incomes.
Move away from current system towards a contribution based personal pension system I which payouts are dependent on an individual’s personal contribution history.
Eh. Singapore, employees are required to channel part of their monthly income into their state owned managed central provident fund account. Upon retirement, they then start to receive payouts from their acc. The Singapore govt Ensure that the money in the acc receive a reasonable interest payment through members can also elect to manage their own funds through the purchase of equities or other approved investment products.
Elaborate on consumption tax
Since retirees don’t pay income tax, an Ageing workforce can result in significant reduction in tax revenue for the state due to dwindling workforce.
Increase tax consumption on g&s
Japan which is the most aged nation in the world have raised its consumption taxes from 5% to 8% over past few years.
Limitation on increasing consumption tax
Can place additional burden on lower income individuals as such taxes are applied at a flat rate that is based on a person’s income or wealth. This “regressive” effect can be mitigated
In Canada, exclude groceries residential rent and medical survey (48’ it s consumption taxes as it seems then to be politically sensitive
Causes of hunger
Poverty Lack of investment in agriculture Weather and climate change War Good wastage
