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1
Q

Acne Vulgaris

A

Signs and Symptoms: Comedones (blackheads/whiteheads), papules, pustules, cysts on the face, back, chest.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis; if severe or persistent, consider hormonal testing (for women), skin swabs for secondary infections.
Management:
Mild: Topical treatments (benzoyl peroxide, topical retinoids).
Moderate: Oral antibiotics (e.g., tetracyclines).
Severe: Oral isotretinoin; hormonal treatments for females.

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2
Q

Acute Bronchitis

A

Signs and Symptoms: Cough (with or without sputum), wheezing, fever, chest discomfort.
Investigations: Usually clinical; chest X-ray if pneumonia suspected.
Management:
Symptomatic treatment (analgesia, hydration, steam inhalation).
Antibiotics are generally not required unless bacterial infection suspected.

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3
Q

Acute Stress Reaction

A

Signs and Symptoms: Anxiety, irritability, intrusive thoughts, sleep disturbances, physical symptoms like palpitations.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis, rule out other mental health conditions.
Management:
Psychological support (CBT, counseling).
Short-term use of benzodiazepines or SSRIs if necessary.

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4
Q

Allergic Disorder

A

Signs and Symptoms: Itchy eyes, runny nose, sneezing, skin rashes, asthma symptoms.
Investigations: Skin prick test, blood tests (e.g., specific IgE).
Management:
Antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids.
Allergen avoidance, desensitization (immunotherapy) if necessary.

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5
Q

Anaemia

A

Signs and Symptoms: Fatigue, pallor, dyspnoea, dizziness.
Investigations: Full blood count (FBC), iron studies, B12, folate levels.
Management:
Treat underlying cause (iron supplements, B12 injections).
Transfusion if severe.

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6
Q

Anal Fissure

A

Signs and Symptoms: Pain during defecation, blood streaked stool, itching.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis, anoscopy if necessary.
Management:
High-fiber diet, increased hydration, stool softeners.
Topical nitrates or diltiazem.
Surgery for chronic cases.

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7
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Signs and Symptoms: Sudden onset of urticaria, difficulty breathing, hypotension, shock, swelling.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis, serum tryptase post-episode.
Management:
Immediate intramuscular epinephrine.
Antihistamines and corticosteroids.
Monitor in hospital for 24 hours.

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8
Q

Arrhythmias

A

Signs and Symptoms: Palpitations, dizziness, syncope, chest pain.
Investigations: ECG, Holter monitoring, echocardiogram.
Management:
Rate control with beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers.
Rhythm control with antiarrhythmics or cardioversion.
Catheter ablation in certain cases.

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9
Q

Asthma

A

Signs and Symptoms: Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing.
Investigations: Spirometry, peak flow measurements, skin prick test for allergies.
Management:
Inhaled bronchodilators (salbutamol), corticosteroids.
Long-term control with inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists.
Monitor with peak flow.

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10
Q

Atopic Dermatitis and Eczema

A

Signs and Symptoms: Itchy, dry, inflamed skin, often flexural areas.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis; patch testing if suspected allergens.
Management:
Topical corticosteroids, emollients.
Antihistamines for itching.
Avoid triggers (e.g., harsh soaps, allergens).

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11
Q

Atrophic Vaginitis

A

Signs and Symptoms: Vaginal dryness, itching, painful intercourse.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis, pelvic exam.
Management:
Vaginal estrogen therapy.
Lubricants for dryness.

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12
Q

Benign Eyelid Disorders

A

Signs and Symptoms: Swelling, redness, lumps on eyelid.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis; biopsy if unsure.
Management:
Warm compresses, topical antibiotics for styes.
Excision if persistent lumps.

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13
Q

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)

A

Signs and Symptoms: Sudden, brief episodes of dizziness triggered by head movement.
Investigations: Dix-Hallpike maneuver, audiometry.
Management:
Epley maneuver (canalith repositioning).
Vestibular rehabilitation exercises.

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14
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

A

Signs and Symptoms: Urinary hesitancy, weak stream, nocturia.
Investigations: Digital rectal exam, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), ultrasound.
Management:
Alpha-blockers (e.g., tamsulosin), 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors.
Surgery (TURP) if symptoms severe.

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15
Q

Bursitis

A

Signs and Symptoms: Joint pain, swelling, warmth, pain with movement.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis, joint aspiration for fluid analysis.
Pus -infection
Straw-coloured fluid - infection is less likely
Blood-stained fluid - trauma, infection or inflammatory causes
Milky fluid - gout or pseudogout

Management:
Rest, ice, NSAIDs.
Corticosteroid injections if persistent.

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16
Q

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)

A

Signs and Symptoms: Persistent fatigue, muscle pain, sleep disturbances, cognitive impairment.
Investigations: Diagnosis of exclusion (rule out other conditions).
Management:
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), graded exercise therapy.
Symptomatic management (pain relief, sleep aids).

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17
Q

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

A

Signs and Symptoms: Fatigue, ankle swelling, nocturia, uraemia in advanced stages.
Investigations: eGFR, urine albumin:creatinine ratio, creatinine levels.
Management:
Blood pressure and diabetes control.
ACE inhibitors/ARBs to reduce progression.
Dialysis or transplantation in end-stage disease.

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18
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

Signs and Symptoms: Chronic cough, sputum production, shortness of breath.
Investigations: Spirometry, chest X-ray, blood gas analysis.
Management:
Smoking cessation, bronchodilators (SABA/LABA), corticosteroids.
Oxygen therapy if severe.

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19
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Signs and Symptoms: Red, itchy eyes, watery discharge, photophobia.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis, swab if bacterial suspected.
Management:
Viral: supportive care, artificial tears.
Bacterial: antibiotic eye drops (e.g., chloramphenicol).
Allergic: antihistamines or mast cell stabilizers.

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20
Q

Constipation

A

Signs and Symptoms: Infrequent bowel movements, straining, hard stools.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis, stool tests if secondary cause suspected.
Management:
Increase fiber intake, hydration, and physical activity.
Laxatives (bulk-forming, osmotic) for relief.

21
Q

Contact Dermatitis

A

Signs and Symptoms: Red, itchy, inflamed skin in response to allergens/irritants.
Investigations: Patch testing.
Management:
Avoidance of trigger, topical steroids.
Emollients to maintain skin barrier.

22
Q

Crystal Arthropathy (e.g., Gout)

A

Signs and Symptoms: Acute joint pain, swelling, redness, usually in the big toe.
Investigations: Joint aspiration for crystals, serum urate levels.
Management:
NSAIDs, colchicine during acute flare-ups.
Long-term management with allopurinol.

23
Q

Cutaneous Fungal Infection

A

Signs and Symptoms: Red, scaly, itchy rash, often ring-like.
Investigations: Skin scraping, KOH examination, fungal culture.
Management:
Topical antifungals (clotrimazole, terbinafine).
Oral antifungals if widespread.

24
Q

Cutaneous Warts

A

Signs and Symptoms: Small, hard, raised growths on skin.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis.
Management:
Topical treatments (salicylic acid, cryotherapy).

25
Q

Hiatus Hernia

A

Signs and Symptoms: Heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, belching.
Investigations: Barium swallow, endoscopy, pH monitoring.
Management:
Lifestyle modifications (elevating head of bed, avoiding large meals).
Antacids, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 blockers.
Surgery (fundoplication) if severe.

26
Q

hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism

A

Signs and Symptoms:
Hypothyroidism: Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, bradycardia.
Hyperthyroidism: Weight loss, heat intolerance, palpitations, tremors, anxiety, tachycardia.
Investigations: TSH, Free T4, Free T3, thyroid antibodies.
Management:
Hypothyroidism: Levothyroxine.
Hyperthyroidism: Antithyroid drugs (e.g., carbimazole), beta-blockers for symptom control, radioactive iodine, or surgery.

27
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis- Glandular fever

A

Signs and Symptoms: Sore throat, fever, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, fatigue.
Investigations: Monospot test, EBV serology (VCA-IgM, VCA-IgG). Amoxicillin or cephalosporins cause rash.
Management:
Symptomatic treatment (analgesics, hydration).
Avoid contact sports due to risk of splenic rupture.

28
Q

Influenza

A

Signs and Symptoms: Fever, chills, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, fatigue.
Investigations: Rapid antigen test, PCR, nasopharyngeal swab.
Management:
Antivirals (oseltamivir, zanamivir) within 48 hours if severe or high risk.
Symptomatic management (fluids, rest, analgesics).

29
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A

Signs and Symptoms: Abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, changes in stool appearance.
Investigations: Diagnosis of exclusion, stool studies, blood tests, colonoscopy if red flags are present.
Management:
Dietary changes (low FODMAP diet), fiber supplements.
Antispasmodics (hyoscine), laxatives for constipation, anti-diarrheal medications.
Psychological interventions (CBT).

30
Q

Lower Limb Soft Tissue Injury

A

Signs and Symptoms: Pain, swelling, bruising, limited range of motion, possible deformity.
Investigations: Clinical examination, X-rays if fracture suspected.
Management:
R.I.C.E. (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation).
NSAIDs for pain relief, physiotherapy for rehabilitation.

31
Q

Mumps

A

Signs and Symptoms: Swollen, painful parotid glands, fever, headache, malaise, anorexia.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis, PCR or serology for mumps virus.
Management:
Symptomatic treatment (analgesics, hydration).
Isolation to prevent spread.

32
Q

Obesity

A

Signs and Symptoms: Excess body fat, increased BMI (>30), potential comorbidities like diabetes, hypertension.
Investigations: BMI calculation, waist circumference, blood tests (lipid profile, glucose).
Management:
Dietary changes (calorie reduction), increased physical activity.
Pharmacotherapy (orlistat, GLP-1 agonists), bariatric surgery in severe cases.

33
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Signs and Symptoms: Joint pain, stiffness, reduced range of motion, swelling, crepitus.
Investigations: X-ray (joint space narrowing, osteophytes).
Management:
NSAIDs, paracetamol for pain relief.
Physiotherapy, weight loss, joint replacement surgery if severe.

34
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Signs and Symptoms: Bone fractures (common in the hip, spine, wrist), back pain, loss of height, stooped posture.
Investigations: DEXA scan (bone mineral density), blood tests for calcium, vitamin D, thyroid function.
Management:
Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate), calcium, and vitamin D supplements.
Weight-bearing exercises.

35
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

A

Signs and Symptoms: Intermittent claudication (pain in legs with walking), ulcers, cold and pale extremities.
Investigations: Ankle-brachial index (ABI), Doppler ultrasound, angiography.
Management:
Lifestyle changes (smoking cessation, exercise).
Antiplatelet agents (aspirin, clopidogrel), statins.
Revascularization if severe.

36
Q

Polymyalgia Rheumatica

A

Signs and Symptoms: Pain and stiffness in shoulders, hips, and neck, fatigue, weight loss.
Investigations: Elevated ESR, CRP, clinical diagnosis.
Management:
Low-dose corticosteroids (prednisolone).
Gradual tapering of steroids.

37
Q

Prostate Cancer

A

Signs and Symptoms: Urinary symptoms (weak stream, hesitancy), blood in urine, back pain, weight loss.
Investigations: PSA levels, digital rectal exam (DRE), biopsy, MRI.
Management:
Active surveillance, surgery (radical prostatectomy), radiotherapy.
Hormonal therapy (androgen deprivation therapy), chemotherapy in advanced cases.

38
Q

Psoriasis

A

Signs and Symptoms: Red, scaly patches, often on elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis, skin biopsy in uncertain cases.
Management:
Topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs (calcipotriol).
Phototherapy, systemic biologic drugs (e.g., TNF inhibitors).

39
Q

Reactive Arthritis

A

Signs and Symptoms: Joint pain (often in lower limbs), conjunctivitis, urethritis, skin rashes.
Investigations: HLA-B27 test, joint fluid analysis, ESR, CRP.
Management:
NSAIDs for pain control.
Antibiotics for infections (e.g., chlamydia), corticosteroids or DMARDs for persistent symptoms.

40
Q

Rhinosinusitis

A

Signs and Symptoms: Nasal congestion, facial pain/pressure, purulent nasal discharge, cough, headache.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis, CT scan if chronic or complicated.
Management:
Nasal decongestants, saline irrigation.
Antibiotics if bacterial infection suspected, corticosteroids for chronic cases.

41
Q

Tonsillitis

A

Signs and Symptoms: Sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing, enlarged tonsils, white patches on tonsils.
Investigations: Throat swab for Streptococcus (Rapid antigen test or culture).
Management: CENTOR criteria
Symptomatic treatment (analgesics, fluids).
Antibiotics (penicillin) for bacterial infections.

42
Q

Urinary Incontinence

A

Signs and Symptoms: Involuntary urine leakage, urgency, frequency, nocturia.
Investigations: Urinalysis, bladder diary, post-void residual volume.
Management:
Lifestyle modifications (fluid management, pelvic floor exercises).
Medications (antimuscarinics, beta-3 agonists).
Surgery if severe (e.g., sling procedures).

43
Q

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

A

Signs and Symptoms: Dysuria, frequency, urgency, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, lower abdominal pain.
Investigations: Urine dipstick, urine culture.
Management:
Antibiotics (e.g., trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin).
Pain relief with NSAIDs or paracetamol.

44
Q

Urticaria (Hives)

A

Signs and Symptoms: Itchy, raised, red welts or hives on the skin, often with swelling.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis, allergen testing if suspected.
Management:
Antihistamines, corticosteroids for severe cases.
Avoidance of triggers (e.g., certain foods, drugs, stress).

45
Q

Varicose Veins

A

Signs and Symptoms: Swollen, twisted veins visible just under the skin, aching, heaviness, cramps, swelling in legs, especially after standing for long periods.
Investigations: Clinical examination, duplex ultrasound to assess blood flow.
Management:
Conservative: Compression stockings, elevation of legs, lifestyle changes (weight management, regular exercise).
Medical: Sclerotherapy, laser therapy.
Surgical: Vein stripping or endovenous laser treatment for severe cases.

46
Q

Vasovagal Syncope

A

Signs and Symptoms: Sudden fainting (syncope), dizziness, nausea, pallor, sweating, typically after standing up or stress.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis, orthostatic blood pressure measurements, ECG, tilt-table test.
Management:
Education (avoid triggers, hydrate, sit/lie down when feeling faint).
Lifestyle changes (avoid prolonged standing, increase salt and fluid intake).
In severe cases, beta-blockers, fludrocortisone, or pacemaker may be considered.

47
Q

Venous Ulcers

A

Signs and Symptoms: Painful, non-healing ulcers on the lower legs, typically near the ankle, with associated swelling, redness, and varicose veins.
Investigations: Clinical examination, Doppler ultrasound to assess venous insufficiency.
Management:
Compression therapy (bandages, stockings) to improve venous return.
Wound care (cleansing, debridement, topical treatments).
Surgery (for severe cases) or venous interventions like sclerotherapy or vein stripping.

48
Q

Viral Gastroenteritis

A

Signs and Symptoms: Diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, nausea, fever, headache, muscle aches.
Investigations: Clinical diagnosis; stool tests if infection type needs confirmation (e.g., rotavirus, norovirus, enteric adenovirus).
Management:
Fluid and electrolyte replacement (oral rehydration solutions).
Symptomatic treatment (antiemetics, antidiarrheals).
Avoidance of antibiotics unless bacterial infection is suspected.

49
Q

Benign eyelid disorders

A

Blepharitis: Inflammation of the eyelid, leading cause of dry eye disease. Symptoms: bilateral ocular irritation, foreign body sensation, burning, redness, crusting. Causes: atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, acne rosacea, Demodex mites.
Treatment: lid hygiene (warm compress, eyelid massage, cleaning), topical antibiotics (chloramphenicol), low-dose oral tetracyclines, omega-3 supplements.

Hordeolum (stye): Staphylococcal infection of an eyelash follicle (external) or meibomian gland (internal). Presents as tender, red eyelash follicle swellings.
Treatment: warm compress, eyelash removal, incision with a sterile needle, topical/oral antibiotics if recurrent or severe.

Chalazion: Non-infectious granulomatous inflammation of a meibomian gland. Presents as painless red eyelid cysts. Often associated with blepharitis and acne rosacea.
Treatment: warm compress, eyelid massage. Persistent cases require ophthalmology referral for incision and curettage.

Entropion: Inward turning of the eyelid, leading to corneal irritation and potential ulceration. Causes: age-related changes, eyelid irritation, scarring, trachoma.
Treatment: examine for corneal abrasions/ulcers, prescribe lubricants, advise eyelid taping, refer for surgical correction.

Ectropion: Outward turning of the eyelid, often due to age-related changes or facial nerve palsy (Bell’s palsy). Presents with a sore, red, watery eye due to disrupted tear drainage.
Treatment: lubricating eye drops, taping eyes shut at night, corrective surgery for severe cases. Urgent referral for exposure keratopathy.

Trichiasis: Inward-growing eyelashes due to damaged follicles,
causing corneal irritation and potential ulceration. Often due to chronic blepharitis.
Treatment: epilation of eyelashes, electrolysis, or laser ablation for more permanent solutions. Examine for corneal damage

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