GP 1 Flashcards
What are the 4 main determinants of health?
- Lifestyle.
- Access to healthcare.
- Genes.
- Environment
- physical
- social + economic
Define the following:
a) Equity
b) Equality
a) Equity - what is fair and just.
b) Equality - equal shares.
What are the two types of equity?
- Horizontal equity: equal treatment for equal need eg. Individuals with pneumonia (with all other things equal) should be treated equally.
- Vertical equity: unequal treatment for unequal need. e.g. someone with a common cold would need a different treatment to someone with pneumonia.
Give 2 factors that can affect health equity
- Spatial factors - geographical.
2. Social factors - age, gender, class, ethnicity.
What are the 3 domains of public health?
- Health promotion.
- Health protection.
- Improving health services.
Domains of public health: give examples of health promotion.
Health promotion looks at interventions e.g. immunizations, smoking cessation, screening.
Domains of public health: give examples of health protection.
Putting measures in place to control infectious diseases, radiation, chemical/poison, emergency
Domains of public health: what are the aims of health service improvements?
To ensure that there is delivery of organised, safe and high quality services.
What is health psychology?
Emphasises the role of psychological factors in the cause, progression + consequences of health + illness.
> promote healthy behaviours + prevent illness
What are the 3 health behaviours?
- Health behaviour
- Illness behaviour
- Sick role behaviour
What is meant by ‘Health behaviour’?
Health behaviour is aimed at preventing disease e.g. eating healthily.
Define illness behaviour.
Illness behaviour is aimed at seeking remedy e.g. going to the Dr’s.
Define sick role behaviour.
Sick role behaviour is activity aimed at getting better e.g. taking medications.
Give some examples of health damaging / impairing behaviours.
- Smoking
- Alcohol + substance abuse
- Sun exposure
- Risky sexual behaviour
- Driving without a seat belt
Give some examples of health promoting behaviours.
- Exercising
- Healthy eating
- Medicines compliance
- Vaccinations
- Attending health checks
Give 3 factors that can effect compliance.
- Side effects of medications.
- Patient perception of risk.
- If the patient is asymptomatic.
- Socioeconomic status.
Give 3 examples of population level interventions.
- PH campaigns e.g. Change4Life, Movember.
- Screening e.g. cervical smear.
- Immunisations e.g. MMR.
What is unrealistic optimism?
Unrealistic optimism is when individuals continue to practice health damaging behaviour due to inaccurate perceptions of risk and susceptibility.
Give 3 factors that contribute to unrealistic optimism e.g. factors that can influence someones perception of risk.
- Lack of personal experience with a problem.
- Belief that it may be preventable by personal action.
- Belief that if not happened now, its not likely to.
- Belief that the problem is infrequent.
- Other reasons: health beliefs, situational rationality, cultural variability, socioeconomic factors, stress, age.
Briefly describe the NICE guidance on behaviour change.
- Plan interventions.
- Assess social context.
- Educate and train.
- Look at individual level and community level interventions.
- Evaluate effectiveness and assess cost effectiveness.
What 3 diseases are smoking related deaths normally due to? When does smoking prevalance peak?
- Cancers.
- COPD.
- CHD.
- mid 20s
What is NCSCT? What’s it’s purpose?
National Centre of Smoking Cessation Training
- delivers training + assessment programmes
- provides support services for local + national providers
- conducts research into behavioural support for smoking cessation
- provides stop smoking services with a measure of quality assurance.
What is ‘Health Needs Assessment’?
A systematic method for reviewing the health issues facing a population, leading to agreed priorities and resource allocation that will improve health and reduce inequalities.
Health Needs Assessment: define need.
The ability to benefit from an intervention.
Health Needs Assessment: briefly describe the planning cycle.
Needs assessment -> planning -> implementation -> evaluation
What are the 2 ways in which a ‘Health Needs Assessment’ can be approached?
- Sociological perspective
2. Public Health perspective
What 4 factors comprise the Sociological perspective in terms of the Health Needs Assessment?
- Felt need: individual perceptions of variation from normal health
- Expressed need: individual seeks help to overcome variation in normal health (demand).
- Normative need: professional defines intervention appropriate for the expressed need.
- Comparative need: comparison between severity, range of interventions + cost.
Which 3 factors comprise the Public Health Approach to the Health Needs Assessment?
- Epidemiological
- Comparative
- Corporate
Give 3 negative points for epidemiological health needs assessments.
- Required data may not be available.
- Variable data quality.
- Ignores felt needs.
Briefly describe a comparative health needs assessment.
Compares services received by one population with other populations.
Give 3 negative points for comparative health needs assessments.
- Required data may not be available.
- Variable data quality.
- It is hard to find comparable populations.
Who might be involved with corporate health needs assessment?
- Politicians.
- Press.
- Providers.
- Professionals.
- Patients.
Give 3 negative points for corporate health needs assessments.
- Difficult to distinguish need from demand.
- Groups may have vested interests.
- May be influenced by political agendas.
Smoking cessation: give 3 symptoms of withdrawal.
- Difficulty concentrating.
- Increased appetite.
- Irritability.
Define epidemiology.
The study of the frequency, distribution and determinants of diseases and health-related states in populations in order to prevent and control disease.
Define domestic abuse.
Incidents of controlling, coercive, threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between those aged 16+ who are, or have been, intimate partners or family members regardless of gender or sexuality.
Give 5 examples of domestic abuse.
- Emotional abuse.
- Physical abuse.
- Financial abuse.
- Sexual abuse.
- Psychological abuse.
How can domestic abuse impact on health?
- Traumatic injuries following assault e.g. fractures, miscarriage.
- Somatic problems or chronic illness e.g. chronic pain, headaches.
- Psychological problems e.g. PTSD, depression, anxiety.
Give 3 potential indications of domestic abuse.
- Unwitnessed by anyone else.
- Repeat attendances to GP or A+E.
- Delay in seeking help.
- Multiple minor injuries.
What assessment tool can be used to determine someones risk of domestic abuse?
The DASH assessment. ‘Domestic Abuse, Stalking, Harassment + ‘Honour’ based violence’