Government intervention and types of intervention Flashcards
Reasons for government intervention
- Correct any market failure
- Achieve a fairer (or more equitable) distribution of income and wealth
- Achieve the government’s macroeconomic objective for the economy
What is Indirect taxation?
Indirect taxes can alter the supply of certain goods or services , such as reducing the consumption of demerit goods(cigarettes) , this leads to the supply curve shifting left.
What are the two different types of indirect taxation ?
- Specific/unit taxes: fixed amount put on a unit of a good/service. E.g per litre of alcohol
- Ad valorem taxes: involve adding a percentage of a good/service.E.g VAT at 20%
What are the advantages of Indirect Taxation ?
- Indirect taxes are usually put on goods/services that have an inelastic demand curve, this means there is a high amount of tax revenue gained
- Tax helps internalise an external cost , to reflect more accurately the impact of a negative externality on price and quantity
What are the disadvantages of Indirect Taxation ?
- Since supply curve is inelastic consumers do not respond much unless the tax is very large- can reduce the impact of the tax
- Extremely difficult to place an accurate monetary value on external costs - makes it near impossible to correctly ‘internalise’
- Regressive in nature - take a larger percentage of a poorer persons income, which is seen as unfair
- International competitiveness may be reduced - Cost of production is large relative to foreign competition
What are subsidies ?
A payment made to producers to encourage increased production of a good/service, such as merit goods(Public goods), this leads to supply curve shifting right
Advantages of Subsidies
- Can increase consumption of merit goods
- brings equilibrium closer to social optimum
- helps internalise the external benefits
- Reduce the price of a goods - reduces the effects of relative poverty.
Disadvantages of Subsidies
- Hard to place a monetary value on the size of external benefits
- Carries an opportunity cost - money could be spent on new roads/hospitals
- Firms may become reliant on them - encourages productive inefficiency and laziness
- If placed on goods with inelastic demand - does not significantly increase consumption
What are Minimum Prices ( benefits the suppliers )
- A Price floor placed above the free market equilibrium price for example, The setting of the National Minimum Wage
What are the advantages of Minimum prices ?
- Give producers a guaranteed minimum price and income - helpful for farmers in LEDC
- Encourage production of essential products- Common Agriculture Policy (CAP)
- Excess supplies may be bought by the government and released in time of future shortage
What are the disadvantages of Minimum prices ?
- Consumers pay higher- reduces their disposable income
- Encourages overproduction - may need to be put into storage which generates further costs
- Opportunity costs - When government purchases excess supplies
- May reduce international Competitiveness
- Unintended costs - may lead to undesired consequences
What are Maximum Prices ( benefits the consumers )
A price ceiling above which prices are not permitted to rise for example rent controls in densely populated cities
What are the advantages of Maximum prices ?
- Equity/ fairness - without maximum prices some would not be able to afford certain goods and services ( Prescription Medication)
- Reduces Exploitation - reduces ability of monopoly firms to charge higher prices
What are the disadvantages of Maximum prices ?
- Creates excess demand - creates queues, shortages and waiting lists , this can have serious implications in places like healthcare
- Black markets - can lead to establishment of unofficial prices for things like music and event tickets
What is Direct Provision ?
If a product is being provided in insufficient or excessive quantities (merit / demerit goods) or not at all (public goods). The government will organize provision with funds from their tax revenue.
The government will usually pay a private sector to pay for the production of the good e.g Government may pay a construction firm to build a new school.Generally these goods are free or nearly free , ‘at the point of consumption’.