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Leah-AP Comparative Government > Government and Politics in CHINA > Flashcards

Government and Politics in CHINA Flashcards

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1
Q

Dynastic cycles

A

Long periods of rule by a family punctuated by times of chaos, when the family looses its power and was challenged by a new, and ultimately successful, ruling dynasty.

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2
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

The right to rule as seen by the collective ancestral wisdom that guided the empire from the heaven above.

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3
Q

Legitimacy in China

A

Legitimacy in China was established from the Mandate of Heaven, and power passed down from one hereditary ruler to the next.

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4
Q

Sun Yat-Sen

A

The first president of the Chinese Republic after the revolution in 1911.

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5
Q

Mao Zedong

A

The first leader of the Maoism ( Mao + communist) party in China

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6
Q

Maoism

A

Mao Zedong’s version of authority. A mix between his own ideology and communism.

It endorsed centralized power exercised through the top leaders of the party, it stressed the importance of staying connected to the peasants through a process called mass line.
Democratic centralization.
Vision of ideal society based on self reliance and struggle .
Loyalty to the state.
Egalitarian social structure; mass line between rulers and subjects

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7
Q

The People’s Republic of China

A

Established in 1949, Mao lead the communist party until his death in 1976.

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8
Q

Mass line

A

Requires leaders to listen to and communicate with ordinary folks, and without it, legitimacy of the rulers was questionable.

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9
Q

Central military commission

A

How the military is represented in the government. The military played an important role in the rise of the Communist Party.

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10
Q

Authoritarian power

A

A huge land based empire ruled from a central place by either an emperor or a small group of people.
Citizens are subjects of, not participants in the government.

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11
Q

Confucianism

A

Emphasizes the importance of order and harmony, encouraged Chinese citizens to submit to the emperors power, and reinforce the emperors responsibility to fulfill his duties conscientiously
Mandate of Heaven
Loyalty to family

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12
Q

Bureaucratic hierarchy based on scholarship

A

Emperors surrounded themselves with highly organized bureaucrats. Government jobs are highly coveted an extremely competitive.

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13
Q

Middle Kingdom

A

The center of civilization.

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14
Q

Deng Xiaoping Theory

A

A practical mix of authoritarian Political control and economic privatization

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15
Q

Dynastic rule as an historical era

A

Superior and subservient positions. The political culture inherited from centuries of dynastic rule centers on Confucian value such as order, harmony, and a strong sense of hierarchy.

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16
Q

Confucian values

A

Order, harmony, and a strong sense of hierarchy

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17
Q

Resistance to imperialism

A

During the 19 century China’s strong sense of cultural identity blossomed into nationalism as it resisted persistent attempts by imperialist nations.

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18
Q

Foreign Devils

A

Imperialist nations such as England France Germany and Japan

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19
Q

Collectivism

A

Seen in Maoism. Valuing the good of the community above that of the individual suited to the peasant communities.

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20
Q

Struggle and activism

A

Mao encouraged the people to actively pursue the values of socialism something he understood would require struggle and devotion.

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21
Q

Mass line

A

Mao conceptualized A line of between party leaders, members and peasants that would allow all to struggle toward realization of the goals of a communist state.

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22
Q

Egalitarianism

A

Hierarchy was the key organizing principle in Chinese 1949, and Mao’s emphasis on creating an egalitarian society was in complete opposition to it.

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23
Q

Self-reliance

A

Instead of relying on the elite to give directions, people under Maoist rule were encouraged to rely on their own talents to contribute to their communities.

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24
Q

Deng Xiaoping Theory

A

He didn’t worry to much about whether a policy was capitalist or socialist as long as it improved the economy.

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25
Q

Long march

A

A cross-country trek led by Mao Zedong

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26
Q

Patron clientelism

A

Informal relationships define each change in leadership

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27
Q

Hegemony

A

Control of surrounding countries

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28
Q

spheres of influence

A

spheres of influence where areas in China controlled by imperialist nations

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29
Q

Nationalism in China post impearialism

A

Revolution in 1911 successfully reestablished China as a independent nation.

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30
Q

Chiang Kay-Shek

A

founded the nationalist party in China

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31
Q

Mao Zedong

A

founder of the Chinese communist party

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32
Q

Two Chinas

A

Taiwan and China

because Chiang Kay-Shek fled to taiwan

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33
Q

The Soviet model(1949-1957)

A

The soviet union had supported Mao for a long time, and when he won they had a lot of influence on the chinese government.

34
Q

Land reform

A

redistributed property from the rich to the poor and increased productivity in the countryside

35
Q

Civil Reform

A

Tried to free people from opium addiction, and enhanced women’s rights. These things helped to legitimize Mao’s government.

36
Q

Five year plans

A

between 1953, the CCP launched the first of its soviet style five year plans to nationalize industry and collective agriculture, implementing steps toward socialism.

37
Q

The great leap forward

A 
a utopian effort to transform China into a radical egalitarian society.
Based on 4 principles =
1. All around development
2. Mass mobilization
3. Political unanimity and zeal
4. Decentralization
38
Q

All-around developmemt

A

Not just heavy industry, but almost equal emphasis in agriculture.

39
Q

Mass Mobilization

A

An effort to turn sheer numbers of people into an asset-better motivation, harder work, less unemployment

40
Q

Political unanimity and zeal

A

An emphasis on party workers running government, not bureaucrats.

41
Q

Decentralization

A

Encouraged more government on the local level, less central control. The people can do it!

42
Q

Radicals

A

After Mao died this was one of the factions of his followers. This group was led by Mao’s wife, Jiang Qing, one of the gang of four, who supported the radical goals of the cultural Revolution.

43
Q

Military

A

After Mao died this was one of the factions of his followers. A powerful group because of the importance of military in the 20th century.

44
Q

Moderates

A

After Mao died this was one of the factions of his followers. Led by Zhou Enlai. Emphasized economic modernization and limited contact with other countries

45
Q

Factions of Mao’s followers after Mao’s death in 1976

A

Radicals
Military
Moderates

46
Q

Four Modernizations

A

Industry, Agriculture, Science, and Military.

47
Q

Open Door trade policy

A

Willingness to trade with anyone, boosted China’s Economy

48
Q

Reforms in Education

A

Higher Academic Standards, Expansion of higher education and research

49
Q

Institutionalization of the Revolution

A

restoring the legal system and bureaucracy of the Old Chin, decentralizing the government, modifying elections, and infusing capitalism

50
Q

Han Chinese

A

The people that historicaly formed the basis of China’s identity.

51
Q

Autonomous Regions

A

Where most of China’s minorities live. Chinese constitution grants these areas the right of self government in some matters such as cultural affairs, but their autonomy is limited.
EX: Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Tibet, and Xinjiang

52
Q

Ethnic Cleavages

A

Tibetans, Uyghurs, Linguistic Diversity

53
Q

TIbetans

A

Long history of seperate ethnic identity.

54
Q

Uyghurs

A

Muslim and Turkish decent living in Xinjiang, wich is close to the borders of pakastan and afghanistan. They want to create a ceperate islamic state. Willin to use violence

55
Q

Linguistic Diversity

A

Lots of different languages being spoken, even among the Han Chinese. Mandarin the official language.

56
Q

Urban Rural Cleavages

A

Major divide between the urban parts of china and the rural parts. economic and cultural divide.

57
Q

“a new socialist countryside”

A

a program to lift the lagging rural economy.

58
Q

Political Participation

A

Communist party redefined political participation with the citizen by creating a relationship between citizens and the government. governed political ties and relationships still mold China’s political processes and influence the actions and beliefs of elites and citizens.

59
Q

Chinese communist Party

A

CCP largest political party, in terms of formal members, in the world. 83 million people.6% of pollution. 73 million in youth league.

60
Q

Cadres

A

Most were peasants or factory workers. there carreers depended on party loyalty and idealogical purity.

61
Q

Technocrats

A

people with technical training who climbed the ladder of the ladder of the party bureaucracy

62
Q

Non-governmental organizations

A

Chinese political system allowed ngos to start happening in the 1990s. Today China has thousand of NGOs ranging from ping pong clubs to environmental groups

63
Q

Xinhua

A

china’s official news media

64
Q

decentralization

A

devolution of power to subnational governments

65
Q

Plenums

A

central committees meetings

66
Q

nomenklatura

A

a system of choosing cadres from lower levels of the party hierarchy for advanced based on their loyalty and contributions to the party

67
Q

guanxi

A

personal connections / Patron-Client network

68
Q

Fang-Shou

A

a tightening up, loosening up cycle.

69
Q

Dual Role

A

vertical supervision by the next higher level of the government and horizontal supervision of the communist party at the same level

70
Q

President and vice president

A

5 year terms

must be at least 45

71
Q

the premier

A

the head of government, appointed by the president, always held by a member of the standing comittee

72
Q

Rule of Law

A

Based on the belief that rulers should not have absolute power over their subjects

73
Q

Procuratorates

A

officials who investigated and prosecuted official crimes

74
Q

Iron Rice Bowl

A

cradle to grave health care, work and retirementsecurity.

75
Q

Socialist Market Economy

A

Gradual infusion of capitalism while still retaining state control.

76
Q

Peoples Communes

A

during the great leap forward farms merged into gigantic people’s communes with several thousand families

77
Q

Household Responsibility System

A

The replacement of the people’s communes. Is still in effect today. Families take full control of the production and marketing of crops

78
Q

Private Business

A

????????????

79
Q

Township and village nterprises

A

Rural factories and businesses that vary greatly in size, and are run by the local government and private entrepreneurs.

80
Q

Floating Population

A

rural migrants seeking job opportunities in cities

81
Q

Pump-priming

A

Based on Keynesian economic theory that a faltering capitalist economy can be rescued by government spending.

Leah-AP Comparative Government (4 decks)

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