gov ch 3/4

Question 1

common sense

Answer 1

the pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that persuaded many Americans to support Revolution. It called for rejection of the king, independence, and a republican government

Question 2

Presidential System

Answer 2

a government in which a leader is chosen independently of the legislature to serve a fixed term. the leader is unaffected by the success or failures of legislature

Question 3

Dual Federalism

Answer 3

federal system which the national and state government are responsible for separate policy areas. reflects formal distribution of powers in Constitution; the layer cake

Question 4

Cooperative Federalism

Answer 4

national and state powers are interdependent. each level required cooperation of the other; the marble cake

Question 5

Confederal System

Answer 5

local units hold all the power, and the central government is dependent on them. Ex: America under the articles of confederation

Question 6

No Child Left Behind Act of 2001

Answer 6

George W. Bush law that held schools accountable for how kids learned and achieved. it helped the progress of disadvantaged students

Question 7

Virginia Plan

Answer 7

proposed the country would have a strong national government, run by a bicameral legislature. represented the large, more populous states

Question 8

New Jersey Plan

Answer 8

proposed unicameral legislature where each state got only one vote. favored small states

Question 9

Americans with Disabilities Act

Answer 9

civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disabilities. Created by George H.W. Bush, example of unfunded mandate

Question 10

judicial review

Answer 10

allows supreme court to rule that an act of Congress or the executive branch is unconstitutional. most powerful tool of the court, and it’s not even in Constitution

Question 11

McColloch vs Maryland

Answer 11

Supreme Court ruling by John Marshall that confirmed the supremacy clause

Question 12

Gibbons vs Ogden

Answer 12

Supreme Court ruling by John Marshall establishing national authority over interstate business

Question 13

devolution

Answer 13

the transfer of power and responsibilities from the federal government to the states

Question 14

unfunded mandate

Answer 14

when federal government imposes specific policy requirements on the states but doesn’t provide funds to pay for those activities

Question 15

federalism

Answer 15

a political system in which power is divided between central and state power. compromise that founders chose at the constitutional convention

Question 16

federalists

Answer 16

those who wanted a strong central government. they were in favor or the proposed constitution

Question 17

anti-federalists

Answer 17

advocates for state’s rights, opposed the constitution

Question 18

great compromise

Answer 18

combined the new jersey and virginia plans. gave country a bicameral legislature, the house of representatives would be based off of state population, the senate would have 2 reps from each state

Question 19

three-fifths compromise

Answer 19

each enslaved person counted as 3/5 of a person for representation purposes. compromise because southern states wanted to count slaves to get more votes in house of representatives

Question 20

federalist papers

Answer 20

a series of essays written to build support for ratification of the Constitution. federalists published them under the pen name Publis

Question 21

Shay’s rebellion

Answer 21

a mob of angry farmers stormed a federal armory in effort to keep their land from foreclosure

Question 22

bicameral legislature

Answer 22

a legislature with 2 chambers. Ex: the U.S. has both the house of representatives and the senate

Question 23

republic

Answer 23

a system in which a larger number of citizens delegate the tasks if governing to a smaller body. decisions are made through representatives of the people. dangers of factions are reduced

Question 24

parliamentary system

Answer 24

government in which the executive is chosen by the legislature from among its members and the 2 branches are merged

Question 25

separation of powers

Answer 25

the legislature, the executive, and the judicial powers are not exercised by the same people so their power is limited

Question 26

checks and balanced

Answer 26

allows each of the branches to police the others. the president can veto congress, congress can override veto, supreme court can rule law unconstitutional, congress can make amendments to constitution

Question 27

enumerated powers

Answer 27

congressional powers specifically named in the constitution. the strongest statement of national power

Question 28

supremacy clause

Answer 28

says that the Constitution and laws made in accordance are the supreme law of the land. when national and state laws conflict, national laws will be followed

Question 29

concurrent powers

Answer 29

powers that are shared by the federal and state government

Question 30

categorical grants

Answer 30

federal funds given to the states for a specific purpose, provides detailed instructions, regulations, and compliance regulations

Question 31

block grants

Answer 31

federal funds given to the states for a broad, unrestricted purpose. gives the states considerable freedom

Question 32

nullification

Answer 32

idea that states could render national laws invalid if they disagreed with them. ex: southern states invoking doctrine of nullification around right before Civil War, felt gov catered to northern states

Question 33

mandate

Answer 33

when the government forces the states/people to comply to a law or regulation. ex: covid mask mandates

Question 34

habeus corpus

Answer 34

must bring a prisoner/detainee before the court to determine if the person's imprisonment is lawful. protects against unlawful imprisonment

Question 35

bills of attainder

Answer 35

a piece of legislation that declares a party is guilty of a crime. allows government to punish for a perceived crime without first going through trial

Question 36

ex post facto laws

Answer 36

laws that reach back in time and make a conduct punishable in a way it was not punishable before

Question 37

incorporation

Answer 37

the doctrine in which portions of the bill of rights have been made applicable to the states

Question 38

necessary and proper clause

Answer 38

gives congress the power to make all laws required to carry out its powers. gives congress powers never mentioned in the Constitution

Question 39

establisment clause

Answer 39

prohibits the government from "establishing" a religion. no state-sponsored churches

Question 40

commerce clause

Answer 40

gives congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among several states

Question 41

initiative

Answer 41

formal mechanism of direct democracy where citizens can force a constitutional amendment of state law to be placed on the ballot by getting a sufficient number of signatures on petitions. if the law receives majority vote it bypasses the legislature

Question 42

recall

Answer 42

a way for citizens to remove elected officials from office before their terms are up. requires petitions with a lot of signatures, usually more that initiatives

Question 43

referendum

Answer 43

an election in which bills passed by the state legislature/localities are submitted to voters for approval